Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of psychological assessment?
What is the primary goal of psychological assessment?
What is the right of test-takers concerning the disclosure of information?
What is the right of test-takers concerning the disclosure of information?
What is the primary distinction between psychological testing and psychological assessment?
What is the primary distinction between psychological testing and psychological assessment?
Which of the following is NOT a tool of psychological assessment?
Which of the following is NOT a tool of psychological assessment?
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What is the primary purpose of using role-play tests in psychological assessment?
What is the primary purpose of using role-play tests in psychological assessment?
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Which of the following is an example of an informal evaluation in education?
Which of the following is an example of an informal evaluation in education?
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What is the primary purpose of using computers in psychological assessment?
What is the primary purpose of using computers in psychological assessment?
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What is the primary consideration for psychologists when disclosing information about test-takers?
What is the primary consideration for psychologists when disclosing information about test-takers?
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Which of the following is an example of a use of psychological tests in the geriatric population?
Which of the following is an example of a use of psychological tests in the geriatric population?
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What is the primary purpose of psychological assessment in counseling?
What is the primary purpose of psychological assessment in counseling?
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Study Notes
Historical Foundations
- In ancient China (2200 BC), public officials were tested every 3 years for proficiency in various subjects, including music, archery, horsemanship, writing, arithmetic, ceremonies, civil law, military affairs, agriculture, and revenue.
- The civil service examination began during the Chan Dynasty (1115 BC-1905) and was influenced by Confucius' teachings on striving for self-perfection.
- In ancient Greece and Rome, writings proposed various physiological bases for personality and temperament.
- During the Middle Ages, attempts were made to answer diagnostic questions of critical importance to society.
- In the Renaissance, measurement in the modern sense began to emerge.
- In the 18th century, Christian von Wolff anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science.
19th Century
- Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859) led to scientific interest in individual differences.
- Francis Galton (1869) classified people according to their natural gifts and deviations from an average.
- Galton devised contemporary tools of psychological assessment, including questionnaires, rating scales, and self-report inventories.
- Galton pioneered the coefficient of correlation through experiments on heredity.
- Karl Pearson developed the product-moment correlation technique.
- Wilhelm Wundt founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
Nature and Uses of Psychological Tests
- Psychological tests are used for assessment, setting goals, determining intervention, reviewing progress, and closure.
- Specific uses of psychological tests include assessment, education, geriatric, counseling, clinical and health, business and military, governmental and organizational credentializing, and legal/court related expert testimonies.
Key Differences
- Testing vs. Assessment:
- Objective: Testing aims to obtain a numerical gauge, while assessment aims to answer a referral question, solve a problem, or arrive at a decision.
- Process: Testing may be individual or group, while assessment is typically individualized.
- Role of Evaluator: The tester is not key to the process, while the assessor is crucial in selecting and interpreting tests.
- Skill of Evaluator: Testing requires technician-like skills, while assessment requires an educated selection of tools and thoughtful organization of data.
- Outcome: Testing yields a test score, while assessment entails a logical problem-solving approach that integrates multiple sources of data.
Terms and Definitions
- Psychological Assessment: The gathering and integrating of psychological data for psychological evaluation through tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.
- Psychological Testing: The measuring of psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain samples of behavior.
- Psychological Construct: An informed, scientific idea developed or generated to describe or explain behavior (e.g., intelligence, personality, anxiety, job satisfaction).
- Psychometrics: The science of psychological measurement.
- Psychometric Quality: Norms, reliability, and validity.
Assumptions about Psychological Testing
- Psychological traits and states exist and can be measured.
- Traits are relatively enduring, while states are relatively less enduring.
- Psychological traits and states can be quantified and measured.
Legal and Ethical Considerations
- Rights of Testtakers: Right to privacy and confidentiality, right to the least stigmatizing label.
- Ethical considerations: Privilege of the client, disclosure of information to prevent harm, and respect for the rights of test-takers.
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Description
This quiz covers the historical foundations of psychological testing and assessment, including the use of proficiency testing in ancient China and the development of civil service examinations. It also touches on cultural and ethical considerations in assessment.
