40 Questions
What is the purpose of a Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)?
To provide emotional support to personnel involved in a Critical Incident
What is a common emotional symptom of stress?
Depression
When should a debriefing session be conducted?
Immediately after the emergency response
What is a physical symptom of stress?
Headaches
What is a cognitive symptom of stress?
Memory problems
Who should facilitate a debriefing session?
Qualified professionals
What is the purpose of a mine rescue team's debriefing session?
To provide emotional support to team members
What is a common behavioural symptom of stress?
Sleep disturbance
What is the recommended reduction in load when traveling on river-ice?
15%
What is the strongest form of ice?
Clear or natural ice
What is slush ice?
Snow saturated with water
What can affect the strength of the ice?
All of the above
What is the speed limit for a loaded vehicle on ice roads?
25 km/h
What is the purpose of the resonance wave in the underlying water?
To weaken the ice
What is the main factor that influences the size and speed of the resonance wave?
All of the above
What can happen if the strength of the ice is affected by the resonance wave?
A blowout or ice failure occurs
What is the leading cause of death for people in the outdoors?
Hypothermia
What is a common contributing factor to the development of hypothermia?
Inadequate clothing
What happens to the body when hypothermia sets in?
The body loses heat faster than it can produce it
What is the effect of wetness on the development of hypothermia?
It accelerates the development of hypothermia
What is the relationship between wind and hypothermia?
Wind accelerates the development of hypothermia
What is the effect of exhaustion on the development of hypothermia?
It accelerates the development of hypothermia
What happens as hypothermia advances?
The symptoms become more severe
What is the significance of recognizing the symptoms of hypothermia?
It is crucial to recognize the symptoms
What is the most critical factor in successfully rescuing a person buried in an avalanche?
The actions taken by unburied survivors
What is the primary purpose of a spotter in avalanche rescue operations?
To watch for signs of another avalanche and warn the team
What is the recommended approach when crossing an avalanche track?
Take a short route and plan an escape route
What is the minimum required equipment for every avalanche rescuer?
Probe, Avalanche transceiver, and Shovel
What is the importance of testing the thickness of the ice in various locations when traveling on ice roads?
To determine the strength of the ice
What is the purpose of Table 3.1 in the context of ice travel?
To indicate the weight that will be supported by varying thicknesses of clear blue lake-ice
Why is it essential to wear mitts and hats when crossing an avalanche track?
To facilitate quick removal of equipment if necessary
What is the characteristic of the most dangerous type of avalanches?
They are set in motion simultaneously over a large area
What is the distinctive odour of hydrogen cyanide?
Bitter almonds
What is the temperature at which hydrogen cyanide condenses to a liquid?
‐26°C
What is the explosive range of hydrogen cyanide?
5.6%–40%
How is hydrogen cyanide formed?
By the reaction of hydrochloric acid on cyanide compounds
What happens when hydrogen cyanide is absorbed through the skin or inhaled?
It causes paralysis of the respiratory system
What is the effect of hydrogen cyanide on the body's use of oxygen?
It interferes with the normal use of oxygen in the body
What is the effect of hydrogen cyanide exposure at 0–20 PPM?
May detect odour, minor symptoms
What is the effect of hydrogen cyanide exposure above 50 PPM?
Immediately dangerous to life and health
Study Notes
Stress Reactions
- Cognitive: poor concentration, memory problems, poor attention span, indecision, slowed problem solving
- Emotional: loss of emotional control, feeling lost or overwhelmed, depression, anxiety/fear, guilt, grief
- Physical: muscle tremors, chest pains, gastrointestinal distress, difficulty breathing, headaches, elevated blood pressure
- Behavioural: excessive silence, withdrawal from contact, sleep disturbance, change in eating habits, change in work habits
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)
- Conduct CISD or other counselling procedures with all personnel directly involved in a critical incident
- Debriefing should be held immediately after the emergency response and be facilitated by qualified professionals
Environmental Conditions
- Avalanches are the most dangerous environmental condition
- Safety in avalanche zones:
- Select the shortest possible route high on the slope or low in the run-out zone
- Plan an escape route
- Wear mitts and hats, tighten clothing and smaller packs, loosen larger packs
- Assign a spotter at the top and bottom of the track and agree on a warning signal
- Cross quickly, maintain space between rescuers
Avalanche Rescue Gear
- Minimum required equipment: probe, avalanche transceiver (beacon), and shovel
- Refer to manufacturer's guidelines for proper use
Ice Travel
- Prior to traveling on ice:
- Test the thickness of the ice frequently in various locations
- Determine the strength of the ice based on the smallest thickness
- Type of ice:
- River or lake ice (movement of water beneath ice): not as strong as lake ice
- Clear or natural ice (black or blue hue): strongest form of ice
- Slush ice (white hue): weakest form of ice
- Cracks in ice may affect its ability to support a load
- Speed limit on ice roads: 25 km/h for a loaded vehicle, 35 km/h for an empty vehicle
Hypothermia
- Definition: lowered internal body-core temperature (exposure sickness)
- Causes: overexposure to a cold environment, inadequate clothing, alcohol or drugs, wetness, exhaustion, dehydration, and lack of nutrition
- Factors contributing to development: wind, water, and temperature
- Symptoms: visible symptoms indicate onset of hypothermia, recognizable stages
- Expected survival time based on water temperature and unconsciousness
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
- Properties: colourless, tasteless gas with a distinctive odour of bitter almonds, condenses to a colourless liquid at temperatures below ̻26 C, explosive range of 5.6%–40%
- How formed: reaction of hydrochloric acid on cyanide compounds, such as potassium/sodium cyanide
- Effects on humans: fast-acting and deadly poison, causes paralysis of the respiratory system and chemical asphyxiation, interferes with normal use of oxygen by nearly every organ of the body
- Physiological effects: symptoms of exposure depend on amount and exposure time, may include odour detection, restlessness, increased respiratory rate, weakness, giddiness, difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, and headache
This quiz assesses the effects of stress on cognitive and emotional well-being. It covers the symptoms of stress on concentration, emotional control, and problem-solving abilities.
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