Podcast
Questions and Answers
A researcher observes a strong positive correlation between hours spent studying and exam scores. Which conclusion represents the most accurate interpretation of this statistical relationship?
A researcher observes a strong positive correlation between hours spent studying and exam scores. Which conclusion represents the most accurate interpretation of this statistical relationship?
- Changes in exam scores have no relationship with study time.
- Factors other than study time may contribute to both increased study time and higher exam scores. (correct)
- Lower exam scores directly cause a decrease in study time.
- Increased study time directly causes higher exam scores.
Which of the following is the LEAST accurate example of systematic empiricism in psychological research?
Which of the following is the LEAST accurate example of systematic empiricism in psychological research?
- Conducting a structured observation of children's play habits in a park.
- Relying solely on personal experiences to understand human behavior. (correct)
- Administering standardized questionnaires to measure levels of anxiety.
- Performing experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to test hypotheses.
A research team aims to study the impact of a mindfulness app on reducing stress levels. Which of the following questions best exemplifies an empirical question suitable for scientific investigation?
A research team aims to study the impact of a mindfulness app on reducing stress levels. Which of the following questions best exemplifies an empirical question suitable for scientific investigation?
- Is using a mindfulness app the most effective way to reduce stress?
- Does regular use of a mindfulness app lead to a measurable decrease in self-reported stress levels compared to a control group? (correct)
- Should schools promote the use of mindfulness apps for students' well-being?
- What is the definition of stress according to various philosophical perspectives?
A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of a new therapy technique and submits the findings to a well-known journal. What aspect of the scientific method does this action primarily support?
A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of a new therapy technique and submits the findings to a well-known journal. What aspect of the scientific method does this action primarily support?
A developmental psychologist is investigating the effects of early childhood education on later academic achievement. What type of research approach is the psychologist employing?
A developmental psychologist is investigating the effects of early childhood education on later academic achievement. What type of research approach is the psychologist employing?
A man over 40 is considering starting a family with his partner. Which of the following potential risks should they be aware of, according to current research?
A man over 40 is considering starting a family with his partner. Which of the following potential risks should they be aware of, according to current research?
A pregnant woman is diagnosed with gonorrhea. How could this STI affect her baby?
A pregnant woman is diagnosed with gonorrhea. How could this STI affect her baby?
During infancy, the brain undergoes a process called 'pruning.' What does this process entail?
During infancy, the brain undergoes a process called 'pruning.' What does this process entail?
An infant typically accumulates sleep hours over several periods throughout the day. What is this sleep pattern called?
An infant typically accumulates sleep hours over several periods throughout the day. What is this sleep pattern called?
The Triple-Risk Model is used to understand SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). What are the three main components of this model?
The Triple-Risk Model is used to understand SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). What are the three main components of this model?
Which research design is most suitable for quickly identifying age-related differences in a specific cognitive skill?
Which research design is most suitable for quickly identifying age-related differences in a specific cognitive skill?
A researcher is interested in studying the effects of a new educational program on children's reading abilities over a period of five years. Which research design would be the most appropriate?
A researcher is interested in studying the effects of a new educational program on children's reading abilities over a period of five years. Which research design would be the most appropriate?
A study aims to understand how cultural shifts impact the career trajectories of different generations. Which research design would be most effective in differentiating age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects?
A study aims to understand how cultural shifts impact the career trajectories of different generations. Which research design would be most effective in differentiating age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects?
Which of Baltes' lifespan development principles is best illustrated by an adult learning a new language?
Which of Baltes' lifespan development principles is best illustrated by an adult learning a new language?
Increased knowledge in a specific subject area with age exemplifies which characteristic of lifespan development?
Increased knowledge in a specific subject area with age exemplifies which characteristic of lifespan development?
Which of the following best describes the epigenetic framework?
Which of the following best describes the epigenetic framework?
Sternberg's perspective on development suggests that it can be both continuous and discontinuous. Which example best illustrates discontinuous development?
Sternberg's perspective on development suggests that it can be both continuous and discontinuous. Which example best illustrates discontinuous development?
A researcher compares the attitudes towards technology of individuals born in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2000s in the same year. This is an example of which type of study?
A researcher compares the attitudes towards technology of individuals born in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2000s in the same year. This is an example of which type of study?
A researcher is conducting a study where they repeatedly present a visual stimulus to an infant while monitoring their gaze. What concept is the researcher likely studying?
A researcher is conducting a study where they repeatedly present a visual stimulus to an infant while monitoring their gaze. What concept is the researcher likely studying?
According to Piaget's theory, what cognitive process is exemplified when a child tries to fit new information into an existing schema?
According to Piaget's theory, what cognitive process is exemplified when a child tries to fit new information into an existing schema?
A toddler is constantly saying 'no' to their parents and trying to do things independently, like dressing themselves. According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is the toddler likely in?
A toddler is constantly saying 'no' to their parents and trying to do things independently, like dressing themselves. According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is the toddler likely in?
A mother uses exaggerated vowels, high-pitched tones, and greater facial expressions when talking to her baby. What is this type of speech commonly referred to as?
A mother uses exaggerated vowels, high-pitched tones, and greater facial expressions when talking to her baby. What is this type of speech commonly referred to as?
Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of breastfeeding for the mother?
Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of breastfeeding for the mother?
In a research study examining the impact of exercise (IV) on weight loss (DV), what role does 'diet' play if it alters the strength of the relationship between exercise and weight loss?
In a research study examining the impact of exercise (IV) on weight loss (DV), what role does 'diet' play if it alters the strength of the relationship between exercise and weight loss?
A study finds that increased social media use correlates with lower academic performance. What type of research design is MOST likely being employed?
A study finds that increased social media use correlates with lower academic performance. What type of research design is MOST likely being employed?
According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory, which system involves the interactions between a child's home and school environments?
According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory, which system involves the interactions between a child's home and school environments?
A local school board implements a new policy based on nationwide standardized testing results, despite parents' objections. According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory, this policy implementation primarily reflects the influence of the:
A local school board implements a new policy based on nationwide standardized testing results, despite parents' objections. According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory, this policy implementation primarily reflects the influence of the:
In humanistic psychology, what term describes the alignment between an individual's self-perception and their ideal self?
In humanistic psychology, what term describes the alignment between an individual's self-perception and their ideal self?
According to Carl Rogers' humanistic theory, what is the MOST effective way for parents to foster high congruence in their children?
According to Carl Rogers' humanistic theory, what is the MOST effective way for parents to foster high congruence in their children?
Which key concept is demonstrated in Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?
Which key concept is demonstrated in Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?
Which of the following is an accurate representation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Which of the following is an accurate representation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between gametes and somatic cells in humans?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between gametes and somatic cells in humans?
Why is an ectopic pregnancy considered a medical emergency?
Why is an ectopic pregnancy considered a medical emergency?
According to the ovulatory-shift hypothesis, what behavior might women exhibit?
According to the ovulatory-shift hypothesis, what behavior might women exhibit?
A couple is trying to conceive. To optimize sperm health, what dietary advice would be most appropriate for the male partner?
A couple is trying to conceive. To optimize sperm health, what dietary advice would be most appropriate for the male partner?
During which period of prenatal development is the developing embryo most vulnerable to teratogens, and why?
During which period of prenatal development is the developing embryo most vulnerable to teratogens, and why?
What combination of factors most significantly determines the extent of damage caused by teratogens during pregnancy?
What combination of factors most significantly determines the extent of damage caused by teratogens during pregnancy?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) within the spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) within the spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)?
Why is there no known safe amount of marijuana use advised during pregnancy or breastfeeding?
Why is there no known safe amount of marijuana use advised during pregnancy or breastfeeding?
Flashcards
Correlation vs. Causation
Correlation vs. Causation
A relationship between two variables, but one does not necessarily cause the other.
Systematic Empiricism
Systematic Empiricism
Learning through structured observation.
Empirical Questions
Empirical Questions
Questions answerable through structured observation.
Public Knowledge (in research)
Public Knowledge (in research)
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Systematic Empiricism
Systematic Empiricism
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Discontinuous Development
Discontinuous Development
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Continuous Development
Continuous Development
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Epigenetic
Epigenetic
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Lifelong Development
Lifelong Development
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Multidimensional Development
Multidimensional Development
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Multidirectional Development
Multidirectional Development
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Cross-sectional Study
Cross-sectional Study
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Longitudinal Study
Longitudinal Study
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Paternal Age Effects
Paternal Age Effects
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STIs and Pregnancy
STIs and Pregnancy
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Brain Pruning
Brain Pruning
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Motor Skills
Motor Skills
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Infant Vision
Infant Vision
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Somatic Cells
Somatic Cells
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Gametes
Gametes
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Zygote
Zygote
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic Pregnancy
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Ovulatory-Shift Hypothesis
Ovulatory-Shift Hypothesis
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3 Periods of Prenatal Development
3 Periods of Prenatal Development
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Teratogens
Teratogens
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Habituation
Habituation
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Schemas
Schemas
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Assimilation
Assimilation
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Accommodation
Accommodation
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Object Permanence
Object Permanence
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Mediation
Mediation
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Moderation
Moderation
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Correlational Research
Correlational Research
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Experimental Research
Experimental Research
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Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory
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Microsystem
Microsystem
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Mesosystem
Mesosystem
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Humanism
Humanism
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Study Notes
- Exam #1 for PSYCH 155 focuses on lifespan development, prenatal development, and infancy/toddlerhood.
- The exam consists of 50 multiple-choice questions.
Intro to Lifespan
- Statistical relationships don't prove causation.
- Research can identify connections between variables.
- Correlations between variables are seen in scatterplots.
- Psychology uses systematic empiricism, empirical questions, and public knowledge.
- Systematic empiricism involves learning by observation.
- Empirical questions are answered through systematic observation.
- Public knowledge is the detailed descriptions of research available publicly.
- Development can be continuous or discontinuous.
- Continuous development is cumulative.
- Discontinuous development occurs in stages at certain times.
- Epigenetics is how behaviors and environment change gene expression.
- Epigenetic changes aren't always permanent.
- Baltes' lifespan perspective includes development being lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic and influenced by context, multidisciplinary.
- Cross-sectional studies test different ages at one time.
- Longitudinal studies follow the same group over time.
- Sequential designs combine longitudinal and cross-sectional methods.
- Mediation involves a variable predicting DVs and being predicted by IVs simultaneously.
- Moderation is when a variable affects the relationship between IV and DV.
- Correlational research discovers relationships and predicts events.
- Experimental research involves variable manipulation.
- Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory looks at the interactions between a child and their environment.
- Microsystem: immediate environment.
- Mesosystem: interactions between microsystems.
- Exosystem: influences mesosystems indirectly.
- Macrosystem: cultural elements.
- Chronosystem: events and transitions over time.
- Humanism emphasizes potential and change.
- People develop self-concept based on feedback.
- Congruence is how well self matches the ideal self.
Prenatal Development
- Humans have somatic cells (46 chromosomes) and gametes (23 chromosomes).
- Zygote: formed from sperm and an ovum.
- Meiosis contributes to genetic variety.
- A limited number of eggs will reach maturity
- Periods occur in the event of an unfertilized egg
- Egg freezing doesn't guarantee conception
- Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the zygote attaches outside the uterus.
- Ovulatory-Shift Hypothesis: women amplify flirting when ovulating and seeking fit men.
- Sperm health relies on fatty acids, vitamin C, grains, fruit.
- The 3 periods of prenatal development include germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
- Germinal Stage: conception to implantation.
- Embryonic Stage: organ formation; vulnerability to substances.
- Fetal Stage: age of viability around 20-24 weeks.
- Teratogens cause birth defects.
- Timing, amount, genetics, and gender affect teratogen impacts.
- FASD is a range of effects from prenatal alcohol exposure.
- FAS includes growth issues, dysmorphology, and disabilities.
- Alcohol: A leading cause of preventable infant brain damage in the US.
- Neonatal abstinence syndrome involves the baby undergoing withrawal after birth.
- Marijuana is linked to newborn health problems.
- Paternal factors like age can affect outcomes.
- STIs can pass to the fetus.
Infancy and Toddlerhood
- Brain growth involves pruning unused connections.
- The prefrontal cortex is the least developed at this age.
- Motor skills are abilities to move and manipulate.
- Fine motor skills involve small muscles.
- Gross motor skills involve large muscles.
- Polyphasic sleep refers to multiple sleep periods.
- SUID is sudden unexpected infant death, an umbrella term.
- SIDS is sudden infant death syndrome.
- The Triple-Risk Model involves a vulnerable infant, critical development, and stressors.
- Vision is least developed at birth.
- By 5 months old, most babies can see most colors
- Habituation is decreased response after repeated stimuli.
- Breastfeeding: reduces disease risk and obesity, releases oxytocin, helps uterus return to normal size, burns calories.
- Schemas are representations used to understand the world.
- Assimilation modifies to fit existing schemas.
- Accommodation reorganizes knowledge.
- Object permanence: understanding things exist out of sight.
- Erikson's stages include trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. shame/doubt.
- Infant-directed speech includes exaggerated speech.
- Infant amnesia: inability to recall early memories.
- Basic emotions are interest, happiness, etc.
- Secondary emotions need self-awareness.
- Self-awareness: realizing one is separate.
- Social referencing uses others' info to act.
- Attachment Styles: Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized.
- Secure attachment: cries when mom leaves but is okay when they return.
- Ambivalent: cries when mom leaves and returns because of inconsistent availability.
- Avoidant: no cry when mom leaves and treats strangers equally.
- Disorganized: inconsistent coping.
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Description
Explore psychological research methods, including correlation studies and empirical questions. Identify examples of empiricism and the impact of mindfulness apps. Understand the significance of peer-reviewed research and developmental psychology approaches.
