Psychological Primary Desires and Motivations

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Questions and Answers

What is reification in the context of personality?

Measuring personality using physical tools

Treating abstract constructs as if they are real or tangible (correct)

Creating tangible representations of personality traits

Defining personality based on observable behaviors

According to the text, which of the following is considered a stable aspect of personality?

Stable way of thinking, feeling, and acting (correct)

Enjoyment of reading

Sexual orientation

Intelligence

What does reification not consider 'extraversion' to be similar to?

A tangible physical trait

An objectively defined construct

Your liver or your occipital cortex (correct)

A directly measurable aspect of personality

In what way is 'extraversion' not located according to the text?

In one place in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is an example used in the text to illustrate stability across situations?

Introversion/extraversion in teaching & gym environments Signup and view all the answers

What does reification consider 'extraversion' to be unlike?

A tangible physical trait Signup and view all the answers

What does 'reification' involve treating as if they are real or tangible?

Abstract constructs Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need motivates behavior from the strongest at the bottom to the weakest at the top?

Physiological needs Signup and view all the answers

What are the three trait dimensions proposed by Hans Eysenck?

Extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism-impulse control Signup and view all the answers

What do humanistic theories emphasize in contrast to psychoanalytic and behavioral theories?

Conscious free will and personal growth Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes conditions of worth set by parents, self-concept development, and the importance of unconditional positive regard?

Rogers' theory Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of self-actualized individuals according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Acceptance, independence, and peak experiences Signup and view all the answers

What are the 'Big Five' factors identified in modern personality research?

Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion-introversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence range of personality disorders in the general population?

9-15% Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's structural model of the mind, which component is driven by biological instinctual drives?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of projective tests like the Rorschach Inkblot and Thematic Apperception Test?

To uncover hidden thought processes Signup and view all the answers

In psychosexual development, what occurs when pleasure-seeking energy remains in a stage due to excessive gratification or frustration?

Fixation Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist introduced body type theories related to bodily fluids and somatotypes?

Galen and Sheldon Signup and view all the answers

'Unhealthy personalities develop when there is an overreliance on defense mechanisms, an overly strong id or superego, or a weak ego.' Which concept does this statement relate to?

'Id', 'ego', and 'superego' Signup and view all the answers

'The Oedipus and Electra conflicts are key concepts in Freudian theory, involving sexual attraction and fear of parental figures.' What do these conflicts primarily involve?

'Psychosexual development' Signup and view all the answers

What does the conscious mind store?

What one is presently aware of Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders includes disorders characterized by violating others' rights, impulsivity, and lack of remorse?

Cluster B Signup and view all the answers

In which type of personality disorder do individuals feel their symptoms are part of who they are, with little desire to change?

Ego-syntonic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder involves extreme social avoidance and fears of socializing?

Avoidant PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by pervasive suspiciousness and distrust?

Paranoid PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder includes perfectionism, excessive concern for order and control, and preoccupation with rules and work?

Obsessive-compulsive PD Signup and view all the answers

What is the early onset age range often traced back to for personality disorders?

Adolescence or early adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Cluster A personality disorders?

Detachment from social relationships Signup and view all the answers

What measure is used to assess psychopathy with factors such as glib and superficial charm, lack of remorse, and criminal versatility?

The Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

They are distinct constructs with high comorbidity. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality Disorders and Psychopathy

Personality disorders are characterized by a pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from cultural expectations in at least 2 areas: cognition, affect, social, and impulse control.
These patterns are inflexible, pervasive, cause significant distress, and have early onset, often traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.
Personality disorders are ego-syntonic, meaning individuals feel their symptoms are part of who they are, with little desire to change, unlike ego-dystonic disorders.
Cluster A consists of odd/eccentric disorders like Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal, while Cluster B includes dramatic/erratic disorders such as Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic, among others.
Cluster C comprises anxious/fearful disorders, including Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Specific characteristics of disorders include pervasive suspiciousness and distrust in Paranoid PD, detachment from social relationships in Schizoid PD, and eccentric beliefs in Schizotypal PD.
Antisocial PD is characterized by violating others' rights, impulsivity, and lack of remorse, while Borderline PD involves unstable emotions, relationships, and identity, and recurrent suicidal behaviors.
Histrionic PD displays excessive attention-seeking behavior, emotionality, and being the center of attention, while Narcissistic PD is characterized by grandiosity and lack of empathy.
Avoidant PD involves extreme social avoidance and fears of socializing, while Dependent PD displays clingy and submissive behavior and constant helplessness.
Obsessive-compulsive PD includes perfectionism, excessive concern for order and control, and preoccupation with rules and work.
The Psychopathy Checklist - Revised measures psychopathy with factors such as glib and superficial charm, lack of remorse, and criminal versatility.
Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) are distinct constructs, with high comorbidity, and a significant stigma associated with PDs, leading to issues with diagnosis and coverage.

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Description

Explore the primary desires and motivations in psychology, including Adler's concept of 'striving for superiority' and the development of self-esteem. Learn about the notions of collective unconscious and archetypes, and consider their status as scientific concepts.