Psychological Perspectives Overview
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Psychological Perspectives Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following strategies is recommended for effective studying?

  • Spaced repetition (correct)
  • Rereading notes
  • Highlighting
  • Cramming

    • Highlighting and underlining are effective study strategies.

    False

    What technique strengthens memory by actively recalling information?

    Active recall

    The strategy known as ______ enhances retention by actively recalling information and reviewing material.

    <p>read-recite-review</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ineffective study strategies with their reasons:

    <p>Rereading notes = Consumes time without leading to durable learning Highlighting = Does not enhance retention or understanding Cramming = Bodes poorly for long-term retention Underlining = Does not improve comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to create a productive study environment?

    <p>Find a quiet study space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turning off social media is a suggestion for creating a productive study environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy encourages active thinking before reading?

    <p>Answer comprehension questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective focuses on observable behavioral responses and the environment's impact on actions?

    <p>Behaviorist Perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    William James is considered the father of American psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sigmund Freud identify as having a significant role in determining behavior?

    <p>Unconscious forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ perspective focuses on how behavior and cognitive development are shaped by social and cultural influences.

    <p>Sociocultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals is associated with classical conditioning?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological perspectives with their main focus:

    <p>Cognitive Perspective = Mental processes and cognition Behaviorist Perspective = Observable behavior Psychodynamic Perspective = Unconscious forces Biological Perspective = Biological processes in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines if information can be recalled when needed?

    <p>Retrieval strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of introducing desirable difficulties in learning?

    <p>To create challenges that lead to long-lasting learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Storage strength is what allows us to recall information when needed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desirable difficulties make learning easier and quicker.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is built through practice and repetition?

    <p>Storage strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are desirable difficulties?

    <p>Conditions of learning that create challenges but lead to more durable and flexible learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is __________ strength that determines the recall of information.

    <p>retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desirable difficulties lead to more ________ and flexible learning.

    <p>durable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to memory.

    <p>Storage strength = Built through practice and repetition Retrieval strength = Determines recall of information Practice = Enhances memory retention Repetition = Reinforces memory pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Desirable Difficulties = Challenges that enhance durable learning Flexible Learning = Ability to apply knowledge in various contexts Durable Learning = Knowledge retained over a long period Learning Conditions = Factors influencing how information is processed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects memory strength?

    <p>Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repetition does not contribute to storage strength.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does practice play in memory?

    <p>It builds storage strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to recall information when needed relies on __________ strength.

    <p>retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between storage strength and retrieval strength?

    <p>One is built through practice, the other determines recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two elements contribute to memory strength?

    <p>Practice and repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychological Perspectives Overview

    • Functionalism (1880s - early 1900s)

      • Focuses on how behavior aids adaptation to environmental demands.
      • Emphasizes the function of mental processes over individual components.
      • Key figures include William James, known as the father of American psychology, and Charles Darwin.

    • Behaviorist Perspective (1913 - present)

      • Prioritizes observable behaviors and environmental impacts on actions.
      • Encompasses classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory.
      • Key proponents: John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner.
      • Watson believed behavior could be modified by altering the environment.

    • Psychodynamic Perspective (1900 - present)

      • Introduced by Sigmund Freud, it was the first major clinical psychology movement.
      • Underlines the role of unconscious forces in determining behavior.

    • Sociocultural Perspective (1930s - present)

      • Pioneered by Lev Vygotsky, focuses on how social and cultural influences shape behavior, attitudes, and cognitive development.

    • Biological/Neuroscience Perspective (1950s - present)

      • Explores mind and behavior through biological processes in the brain.
      • Studies electrical and chemical activities of neurons and localization of brain functions.
      • Important figures include Roger Sperry, James Olds, David Hubel, and Torsten Wiesel.
      • The case of Phineas Gage illustrates localization of function.

    • Cognitive Perspective (1950s - present)

      • Revives the study of cognition, focusing on how thoughts influence behavior and responses.
      • Investigates mental processes associated with knowledge acquisition and problem-solving.
      • Addresses complexities of cognition that behaviorism could not explain.

    Ineffective Study Strategies

    • Rereading notes and textbooks: Time-consuming, offers minimal durable learning.
    • Highlighting and underlining: Does not significantly enhance comprehension or retention.
    • Cramming: Poorly affects long-term memory retention and recall.

    Effective Study Strategies

    • Spaced repetition: Boosts retention by reviewing material at increasing intervals.
    • Active recall: Enhances memory through the active retrieval of information.
    • Self-Quizzing: Identifies knowledge gaps, fostering deeper understanding.

    Reading Comprehension Strategies

    • Answering questions before reading: Promotes active thinking and deeper comprehension.
    • Read-Recite-Review method: Enhances retention through active recall and review.
    • Avoid highlighting: Focus on understanding material and identifying key concepts instead.

    Creating a Productive Study Environment

    • Quiet study space: Eliminates distractions, fostering better learning conditions.
    • Limit technology and social media: Increases focus by reducing digital interruptions.
    • Use of music and ambient noise: Experiment to find what enhances concentration.

    Engaging Actively and Testing Yourself

    • Engage actively while reading to improve retention.
    • Storage strength depends on practice; retrieval strength affects recall ability.
    • Desirable difficulties: Challenges that lead to more robust and flexible learning.
    • Utilize end-of-section questions and concept charts to test knowledge before and after reading.

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    Related Documents

    Psych 111 NOTES.pdf

    Description

    Explore key psychological perspectives, including functionalism and behaviorism. This quiz delves into the influence of these theories on understanding human behavior and mental processes. Learn about significant figures like William James and Charles Darwin.

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