Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which disorder is characterized by positive symptoms lasting at least 1 day but less than 1 month?
Which disorder is characterized by positive symptoms lasting at least 1 day but less than 1 month?
In which of the following disorders is a person unable to be convinced by tests?
In which of the following disorders is a person unable to be convinced by tests?
Which personality disorder is associated with gaslighting behavior?
Which personality disorder is associated with gaslighting behavior?
Which disorder involves dependence on self-esteem?
Which disorder involves dependence on self-esteem?
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Which condition is characterized by distress about existing symptoms?
Which condition is characterized by distress about existing symptoms?
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What duration of symptoms is required for a diagnosis of Schizophreniform Disorder?
What duration of symptoms is required for a diagnosis of Schizophreniform Disorder?
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Which condition shows superiority and inferiority in attention?
Which condition shows superiority and inferiority in attention?
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Which disorder involves positive and negative symptoms for at least 6 months?
Which disorder involves positive and negative symptoms for at least 6 months?
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Which quality is associated with Normal affection?
Which quality is associated with Normal affection?
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Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about acquiring serious illness.
Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about acquiring serious illness.
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Histrionic Personality Disorder shows superiority and inferiority in attention regarding illness.
Histrionic Personality Disorder shows superiority and inferiority in attention regarding illness.
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Schizophreniform requires positive and negative symptoms for at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
Schizophreniform requires positive and negative symptoms for at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
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Dependence of self-esteem is a characteristic of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Dependence of self-esteem is a characteristic of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
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Brief Psychotic Disorder can include symptoms with postpartum onset if the onset is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
Brief Psychotic Disorder can include symptoms with postpartum onset if the onset is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
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Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves distress about existing symptoms.
Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves distress about existing symptoms.
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Love bombing and gaslighting are associated with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Love bombing and gaslighting are associated with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
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Concurrent with a major depressive or manic episode is a criterion for Schizophrenia.
Concurrent with a major depressive or manic episode is a criterion for Schizophrenia.
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Respect and knowledge are associated with normal affection.
Respect and knowledge are associated with normal affection.
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Match the following conditions with their key characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their key characteristics:
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Match these psychological conditions with their corresponding criteria:
Match these psychological conditions with their corresponding criteria:
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Match the following personality disorders with their descriptive attributes:
Match the following personality disorders with their descriptive attributes:
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Match the following mental health disorders with their duration criteria:
Match the following mental health disorders with their duration criteria:
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Match the following forms of affection with their corresponding conditions:
Match the following forms of affection with their corresponding conditions:
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Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by severe food restriction.
Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by severe food restriction.
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Individuals with Binge-Eating Disorder are usually overweight.
Individuals with Binge-Eating Disorder are usually overweight.
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Bipolar I Disorder can involve depressive episodes in addition to manic episodes.
Bipolar I Disorder can involve depressive episodes in addition to manic episodes.
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Schizoaffective Disorder involves chronic hallucinations and delusions.
Schizoaffective Disorder involves chronic hallucinations and delusions.
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Hypomania in Bipolar II Disorder poses a risk to self or others.
Hypomania in Bipolar II Disorder poses a risk to self or others.
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People with Bipolar II Disorder with psychotic features experience hallucinations and delusions exclusively during depressive episodes.
People with Bipolar II Disorder with psychotic features experience hallucinations and delusions exclusively during depressive episodes.
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An individual must have at least one episode of mania to be diagnosed with Bipolar I.
An individual must have at least one episode of mania to be diagnosed with Bipolar I.
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A diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder requires at least one major depressive episode lasting at least 2 weeks.
A diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder requires at least one major depressive episode lasting at least 2 weeks.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa?
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Which condition involves eating alone due to embarrassment?
Which condition involves eating alone due to embarrassment?
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Which of the following disorders always involves at least one manic episode?
Which of the following disorders always involves at least one manic episode?
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Which disorder is characterized by hypomania and one major depressive episode?
Which disorder is characterized by hypomania and one major depressive episode?
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In which condition are hallucinations and delusions chronic?
In which condition are hallucinations and delusions chronic?
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Which of the following describes features of Bipolar I with psychotic features?
Which of the following describes features of Bipolar I with psychotic features?
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Which disorder typically involves a fear of gaining weight and severe food restriction?
Which disorder typically involves a fear of gaining weight and severe food restriction?
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What features are required for a diagnosis of Bipolar II with psychotic features?
What features are required for a diagnosis of Bipolar II with psychotic features?
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Match the following eating disorders with their key characteristics:
Match the following eating disorders with their key characteristics:
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Match the following conditions with their related behaviors:
Match the following conditions with their related behaviors:
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Match the following bipolar disorder types with their episodic features:
Match the following bipolar disorder types with their episodic features:
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Match the following bipolar and psychotic disorders with their diagnostic criteria:
Match the following bipolar and psychotic disorders with their diagnostic criteria:
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Match the following bipolar disorder types with their key descriptions:
Match the following bipolar disorder types with their key descriptions:
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Match the following disorders with their key characteristics relating to psychosis:
Match the following disorders with their key characteristics relating to psychosis:
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Which disorder is typically diagnosed in children and is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy?
Which disorder is typically diagnosed in children and is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy?
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Which memory-related disorder is both insidious and irreversible?
Which memory-related disorder is both insidious and irreversible?
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Which disorder involves hallucinations and delusions exclusively during depressive episodes and lasts for at least 2 years?
Which disorder involves hallucinations and delusions exclusively during depressive episodes and lasts for at least 2 years?
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Which disorder involves an inability to resist aggressive behavior and is characterized by sudden, explosive outbursts?
Which disorder involves an inability to resist aggressive behavior and is characterized by sudden, explosive outbursts?
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Which disorder is acute, reversible, and often resolves once the underlying cause is treated?
Which disorder is acute, reversible, and often resolves once the underlying cause is treated?
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Which disorder involves patterned antisocial behavior and is typically diagnosed in adults?
Which disorder involves patterned antisocial behavior and is typically diagnosed in adults?
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Which disorder involves an irritable mood and frequent severe temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation?
Which disorder involves an irritable mood and frequent severe temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation?
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Dissociative Identity Disorder involves insidious and irreversible memory loss.
Dissociative Identity Disorder involves insidious and irreversible memory loss.
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Delirium is an acute and reversible memory disorder.
Delirium is an acute and reversible memory disorder.
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Intermittent Explosive Disorder is characterized by a pattern of antisocial behavior.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder is characterized by a pattern of antisocial behavior.
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A diagnosis of Conduct Disorder can only be given to children.
A diagnosis of Conduct Disorder can only be given to children.
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Major Depressive Disorder with psychotic features involves hallucinations and delusions occurring exclusively during depressive episodes.
Major Depressive Disorder with psychotic features involves hallucinations and delusions occurring exclusively during depressive episodes.
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Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease is sudden and reversible.
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease is sudden and reversible.
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Match the following memory-related disorders with their key characteristics:
Match the following memory-related disorders with their key characteristics:
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Match the following aggression-related disorders with their key characteristics:
Match the following aggression-related disorders with their key characteristics:
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Match the following conditions with their typical diagnosis age:
Match the following conditions with their typical diagnosis age:
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Match the following depressive disorders with their duration or features:
Match the following depressive disorders with their duration or features:
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Match the following disorders with their diagnosis criteria:
Match the following disorders with their diagnosis criteria:
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Match the following mood disorders with their key characteristics:
Match the following mood disorders with their key characteristics:
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What is the minimum duration required for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
What is the minimum duration required for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
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How many additional symptoms besides a depressed mood are required for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
How many additional symptoms besides a depressed mood are required for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
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Which of these statements about Persistent Depressive Disorder is correct?
Which of these statements about Persistent Depressive Disorder is correct?
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Study Notes
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa: characterized by low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and severe food restriction
- Bulimia Nervosa: typically presents with normal weight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, and regular, inappropriate compensatory behavior
- Binge-Eating Disorder: often associated with being overweight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, eating uncontrollably, and feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I
- Characterized by at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, which may pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least one week
- May also experience depressive episodes
Bipolar I with Psychotic Features
- Experiences mania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during manic or depressive episodes
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Combination of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia symptoms
- Presents with a history of manic, depressive, or hypomanic episodes, and at least one depressive episode
- Psychotic features are chronic and present throughout the illness
Bipolar II
- Characterized by at least one episode of hypomania in a lifetime, which does not pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least four days
- Also experiences at least one major depressive episode
Bipolar II with Psychotic Features
- Experiences hypomania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during depressive episodes
Comparison of Bipolar I and II
- Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, may or may not have depressive episodes
- Bipolar II: hypomania, with at least one major depressive episode
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa: characterized by low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and severe food restriction
- Bulimia Nervosa: typically presents with normal weight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, and regular, inappropriate compensatory behavior
- Binge-Eating Disorder: often associated with being overweight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, eating uncontrollably, and feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I
- Characterized by at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, which may pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least one week
- May also experience depressive episodes
Bipolar I with Psychotic Features
- Experiences mania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during manic or depressive episodes
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Combination of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia symptoms
- Presents with a history of manic, depressive, or hypomanic episodes, and at least one depressive episode
- Psychotic features are chronic and present throughout the illness
Bipolar II
- Characterized by at least one episode of hypomania in a lifetime, which does not pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least four days
- Also experiences at least one major depressive episode
Bipolar II with Psychotic Features
- Experiences hypomania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during depressive episodes
Comparison of Bipolar I and II
- Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, may or may not have depressive episodes
- Bipolar II: hypomania, with at least one major depressive episode
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa: characterized by low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and severe food restriction
- Bulimia Nervosa: typically presents with normal weight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, and regular, inappropriate compensatory behavior
- Binge-Eating Disorder: often associated with being overweight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, eating uncontrollably, and feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I
- Characterized by at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, which may pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least one week
- May also experience depressive episodes
Bipolar I with Psychotic Features
- Experiences mania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during manic or depressive episodes
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Combination of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia symptoms
- Presents with a history of manic, depressive, or hypomanic episodes, and at least one depressive episode
- Psychotic features are chronic and present throughout the illness
Bipolar II
- Characterized by at least one episode of hypomania in a lifetime, which does not pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least four days
- Also experiences at least one major depressive episode
Bipolar II with Psychotic Features
- Experiences hypomania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during depressive episodes
Comparison of Bipolar I and II
- Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, may or may not have depressive episodes
- Bipolar II: hypomania, with at least one major depressive episode
Aggression in Children and Adults
- Conduct Disorder is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in children, but can also be diagnosed in adults with late onset.
- Anti-Social Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in adults.
Memory: Types of Disorders
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease is a type of Mild NCD characterized by an insidious (subtle and gradual) onset, progressive course, and is irreversible.
Delirium
- Delirium is a type of memory disorder characterized by an acute (sudden) onset and is reversible.
Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia can be either localized or generalized, and is often related to trauma.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by switching between identities, with each alter having its own individual memory.
Depression and Psychosis
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- MDD is characterized by a depressive episode.
MDD with Psychotic Features
- MDD with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
MDD + Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- MDD + Dysthymia is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years.
MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features
- MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years, and hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
Aggression: Types of Disorders
Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by patterned antisocial behavior.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- DMDD is characterized by irritable mood and outbursts.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
- IED is characterized by an inability to resist aggressive behavior, resulting in outbursts.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- ODD is characterized by defiant behavior, often directed against authority figures.
Aggression in Children and Adults
- Conduct Disorder is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in children, but can also be diagnosed in adults with late onset.
- Anti-Social Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in adults.
Memory: Types of Disorders
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease is a type of Mild NCD characterized by an insidious (subtle and gradual) onset, progressive course, and is irreversible.
Delirium
- Delirium is a type of memory disorder characterized by an acute (sudden) onset and is reversible.
Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia can be either localized or generalized, and is often related to trauma.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by switching between identities, with each alter having its own individual memory.
Depression and Psychosis
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- MDD is characterized by a depressive episode.
MDD with Psychotic Features
- MDD with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
MDD + Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- MDD + Dysthymia is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years.
MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features
- MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years, and hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
Aggression: Types of Disorders
Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by patterned antisocial behavior.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- DMDD is characterized by irritable mood and outbursts.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
- IED is characterized by an inability to resist aggressive behavior, resulting in outbursts.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- ODD is characterized by defiant behavior, often directed against authority figures.
Aggression in Children and Adults
- Conduct Disorder is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in children, but can also be diagnosed in adults with late onset.
- Anti-Social Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in adults.
Memory: Types of Disorders
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease is a type of Mild NCD characterized by an insidious (subtle and gradual) onset, progressive course, and is irreversible.
Delirium
- Delirium is a type of memory disorder characterized by an acute (sudden) onset and is reversible.
Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia can be either localized or generalized, and is often related to trauma.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by switching between identities, with each alter having its own individual memory.
Depression and Psychosis
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- MDD is characterized by a depressive episode.
MDD with Psychotic Features
- MDD with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
MDD + Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- MDD + Dysthymia is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years.
MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features
- MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years, and hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
Aggression: Types of Disorders
Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by patterned antisocial behavior.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- DMDD is characterized by irritable mood and outbursts.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
- IED is characterized by an inability to resist aggressive behavior, resulting in outbursts.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- ODD is characterized by defiant behavior, often directed against authority figures.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Characterized by a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years.
- Presence of 2 or more of the following symptoms while depressed:
- Poor appetite or overeating
- Insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness)
- Low energy or fatigue
- Low self-esteem
- Inability to concentrate or make decisions
- Feelings of hopelessness or helplessness
- No history of manic or hypomanic episodes.
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