68 Questions
Which disorder is characterized by positive symptoms lasting at least 1 day but less than 1 month?
Brief Psychotic Disorder
In which of the following disorders is a person unable to be convinced by tests?
Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type)
Which personality disorder is associated with gaslighting behavior?
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Which disorder involves dependence on self-esteem?
Borderline Personality Disorder
Which condition is characterized by distress about existing symptoms?
Somatic Symptom Disorder
What duration of symptoms is required for a diagnosis of Schizophreniform Disorder?
at least 1 month but less than 6 months
Which condition shows superiority and inferiority in attention?
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Which disorder involves positive and negative symptoms for at least 6 months?
Schizophrenia
Which quality is associated with Normal affection?
Responsibility
Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about acquiring serious illness.
True
Histrionic Personality Disorder shows superiority and inferiority in attention regarding illness.
False
Schizophreniform requires positive and negative symptoms for at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
True
Dependence of self-esteem is a characteristic of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
False
Brief Psychotic Disorder can include symptoms with postpartum onset if the onset is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
True
Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves distress about existing symptoms.
False
Love bombing and gaslighting are associated with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
True
Concurrent with a major depressive or manic episode is a criterion for Schizophrenia.
False
Respect and knowledge are associated with normal affection.
True
Match the following conditions with their key characteristics:
Somatic Symptom Disorder = Distress about symptoms (existing symptoms) Illness Anxiety Disorder = Anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) = Cannot be convinced by tests Borderline Personality Disorder = Dependence of Self-Esteem
Match these psychological conditions with their corresponding criteria:
Brief Psychotic Disorder = Positive symptoms lasting at least 1 day but less than 1 month Narcissistic Personality Disorder = Gaslighting Histrionic Personality Disorder = Superiority Schizoaffective = H + D for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode
Match the following personality disorders with their descriptive attributes:
Narcissistic Personality Disorder = Love bombing Normal = Respect, Knowledge Histrionic Personality Disorder = Superiority and Inferiority Illness Anxiety Disorder = Anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness
Match the following mental health disorders with their duration criteria:
Brief Psychotic Disorder = at least 1 day but less than 1 month Schizophreniform = at least 1 month but less than 6 months Schizophrenia = at least 6 months Narcissistic Personality Disorder = Continuous superiority
Match the following forms of affection with their corresponding conditions:
Normal = Responsibility, Care Borderline Personality Disorder = Promiscuity Narcissistic Personality Disorder = Love bombing Brief Psychotic Disorder = Positive symptoms
Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by severe food restriction.
False
Individuals with Binge-Eating Disorder are usually overweight.
True
Bipolar I Disorder can involve depressive episodes in addition to manic episodes.
True
Schizoaffective Disorder involves chronic hallucinations and delusions.
True
Hypomania in Bipolar II Disorder poses a risk to self or others.
False
People with Bipolar II Disorder with psychotic features experience hallucinations and delusions exclusively during depressive episodes.
True
An individual must have at least one episode of mania to be diagnosed with Bipolar I.
True
A diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder requires at least one major depressive episode lasting at least 2 weeks.
True
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa?
Severe food restriction
Which condition involves eating alone due to embarrassment?
Binge-Eating Disorder
Which of the following disorders always involves at least one manic episode?
Bipolar I
Which disorder is characterized by hypomania and one major depressive episode?
Bipolar II
In which condition are hallucinations and delusions chronic?
Schizoaffective Disorder
Which of the following describes features of Bipolar I with psychotic features?
Mania and psychotic features exclusively during manic or depressive episodes
Which disorder typically involves a fear of gaining weight and severe food restriction?
Anorexia Nervosa
What features are required for a diagnosis of Bipolar II with psychotic features?
Hypomania and psychotic features exclusively during depressive episodes
Match the following eating disorders with their key characteristics:
Anorexia Nervosa = Low body weight/Usually underweight Bulimia Nervosa = Regular, inappropriate compensatory behavior Binge-Eating Disorder = Usually overweight
Match the following conditions with their related behaviors:
Bulimia Nervosa = Usually normal weight Binge-Eating Disorder = Feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty Anorexia Nervosa = Severe food restriction
Match the following bipolar disorder types with their episodic features:
Bipolar I = Can also have depressive episodes Bipolar I with psychotic features = H + D exclusively during manic or depressive episode Schizoaffective Disorder = H + D are chronic
Match the following bipolar and psychotic disorders with their diagnostic criteria:
Bipolar II = 1 major depressive episode Bipolar II with psychotic features = H + D exclusively during depressive episode Schizoaffective Disorder = H + D are chronic
Match the following bipolar disorder types with their key descriptions:
Bipolar 1 = May or may not have depressive episodes Bipolar 2 = 1 major depressive episode (at least 2 weeks)
Match the following disorders with their key characteristics relating to psychosis:
Bipolar I with psychotic features = Mania Schizoaffective Disorder = H + D are chronic Bipolar II with psychotic features = H + D exclusively during depressive episode
Which disorder is typically diagnosed in children and is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy?
Conduct Disorder
Which memory-related disorder is both insidious and irreversible?
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease
Which disorder involves hallucinations and delusions exclusively during depressive episodes and lasts for at least 2 years?
MDD + PDD with Psychotic Features
Which disorder involves an inability to resist aggressive behavior and is characterized by sudden, explosive outbursts?
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Which disorder is acute, reversible, and often resolves once the underlying cause is treated?
Delirium
Which disorder involves patterned antisocial behavior and is typically diagnosed in adults?
Anti-Social Personality Disorder
Which disorder involves an irritable mood and frequent severe temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation?
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder involves insidious and irreversible memory loss.
False
Delirium is an acute and reversible memory disorder.
True
Intermittent Explosive Disorder is characterized by a pattern of antisocial behavior.
False
A diagnosis of Conduct Disorder can only be given to children.
False
Major Depressive Disorder with psychotic features involves hallucinations and delusions occurring exclusively during depressive episodes.
True
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease is sudden and reversible.
False
Match the following memory-related disorders with their key characteristics:
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease = Insidious (Subtle and Gradual), Progressive, Irreversible Delirium = Acute (Sudden), Reversible Dissociative Amnesia = Localized, Generalized, Trauma related Dissociative Identity Disorder = Switch, Individual memory per alter
Match the following aggression-related disorders with their key characteristics:
Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder = Patterned Antisocial Behavior Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder = Irritable Mood, Outbursts Intermittent Explosive Disorder = Inability to resist behavior, Outbursts Oppositional Defiant Disorder = Against Authorities
Match the following conditions with their typical diagnosis age:
Conduct Disorder = Typically diagnosed to children (can be diagnosed to adults if LATE ONSET) Anti-Social Personality Disorder = Typically diagnosed to adults
Match the following depressive disorders with their duration or features:
MDD = Depressive episode MDD + PDD (Dysthymia) = Depressive, 2 years MDD with Psychotic Features = Depressive, H + D exclusively during depressive episode MDD + PDD with Psychotic Features = Depressive, 2 years, H + D exclusively during depressive episode
Match the following disorders with their diagnosis criteria:
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease = Insidious (Subtle and Gradual), Progressive, Irreversible Delirium = Acute (Sudden), Reversible Dissociative Amnesia = Localized, Generalized, Trauma related Dissociative Identity Disorder = Switch, Individual memory per alter
Match the following mood disorders with their key characteristics:
MDD = Depressive episode MDD with Psychotic Features = H + D exclusively during depressive episode MDD + PDD (Dysthymia) = 2 years, Depressive MDD + PDD with Psychotic Features = 2 years, H + D exclusively during depressive episode
What is the minimum duration required for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
2 years
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
suicidality
How many additional symptoms besides a depressed mood are required for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Two or more
Which of these statements about Persistent Depressive Disorder is correct?
It involves low self-esteem.
Study Notes
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Anxiety About Health
- Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distress about existing symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness.
- Delusional Disorder (Somatic Type) involves anxiety about health or acquiring serious illness and cannot be convinced by tests.
Attention: NPD, HPD, IAD/SSD
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a sense of superiority.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder also involves a sense of superiority, but also inferiority.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder involves anxiety about health, specifically regarding illness.
Affection: Normal, NPD, BPD
- Normal affection involves respect, knowledge, responsibility, and care.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves love bombing and gaslighting.
- Borderline Personality Disorder involves dependence of self-esteem, promiscuity, and intense emotional dysregulation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum
- Brief Psychotic Disorder involves positive symptoms that last at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Schizophreniform involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
- Schizophrenia involves positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder can have a postpartum onset if symptoms occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
- Schizoaffective disorder is a subtype of Schizophreniform that involves a major mood episode.
- Schizophreniform disorder involves hallucinations and delusions for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa: characterized by low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and severe food restriction
- Bulimia Nervosa: typically presents with normal weight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, and regular, inappropriate compensatory behavior
- Binge-Eating Disorder: often associated with being overweight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, eating uncontrollably, and feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I
- Characterized by at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, which may pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least one week
- May also experience depressive episodes
Bipolar I with Psychotic Features
- Experiences mania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during manic or depressive episodes
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Combination of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia symptoms
- Presents with a history of manic, depressive, or hypomanic episodes, and at least one depressive episode
- Psychotic features are chronic and present throughout the illness
Bipolar II
- Characterized by at least one episode of hypomania in a lifetime, which does not pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least four days
- Also experiences at least one major depressive episode
Bipolar II with Psychotic Features
- Experiences hypomania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during depressive episodes
Comparison of Bipolar I and II
- Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, may or may not have depressive episodes
- Bipolar II: hypomania, with at least one major depressive episode
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa: characterized by low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and severe food restriction
- Bulimia Nervosa: typically presents with normal weight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, and regular, inappropriate compensatory behavior
- Binge-Eating Disorder: often associated with being overweight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, eating uncontrollably, and feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I
- Characterized by at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, which may pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least one week
- May also experience depressive episodes
Bipolar I with Psychotic Features
- Experiences mania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during manic or depressive episodes
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Combination of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia symptoms
- Presents with a history of manic, depressive, or hypomanic episodes, and at least one depressive episode
- Psychotic features are chronic and present throughout the illness
Bipolar II
- Characterized by at least one episode of hypomania in a lifetime, which does not pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least four days
- Also experiences at least one major depressive episode
Bipolar II with Psychotic Features
- Experiences hypomania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during depressive episodes
Comparison of Bipolar I and II
- Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, may or may not have depressive episodes
- Bipolar II: hypomania, with at least one major depressive episode
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia Nervosa: characterized by low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and severe food restriction
- Bulimia Nervosa: typically presents with normal weight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, and regular, inappropriate compensatory behavior
- Binge-Eating Disorder: often associated with being overweight, recurrent and frequent binge eating, eating uncontrollably, and feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I
- Characterized by at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, which may pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least one week
- May also experience depressive episodes
Bipolar I with Psychotic Features
- Experiences mania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during manic or depressive episodes
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Combination of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia symptoms
- Presents with a history of manic, depressive, or hypomanic episodes, and at least one depressive episode
- Psychotic features are chronic and present throughout the illness
Bipolar II
- Characterized by at least one episode of hypomania in a lifetime, which does not pose a risk to oneself or others and lasts at least four days
- Also experiences at least one major depressive episode
Bipolar II with Psychotic Features
- Experiences hypomania and psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions
- Psychotic features occur exclusively during depressive episodes
Comparison of Bipolar I and II
- Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania in a lifetime, may or may not have depressive episodes
- Bipolar II: hypomania, with at least one major depressive episode
Aggression in Children and Adults
- Conduct Disorder is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in children, but can also be diagnosed in adults with late onset.
- Anti-Social Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in adults.
Memory: Types of Disorders
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease is a type of Mild NCD characterized by an insidious (subtle and gradual) onset, progressive course, and is irreversible.
Delirium
- Delirium is a type of memory disorder characterized by an acute (sudden) onset and is reversible.
Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia can be either localized or generalized, and is often related to trauma.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by switching between identities, with each alter having its own individual memory.
Depression and Psychosis
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- MDD is characterized by a depressive episode.
MDD with Psychotic Features
- MDD with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
MDD + Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- MDD + Dysthymia is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years.
MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features
- MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years, and hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
Aggression: Types of Disorders
Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by patterned antisocial behavior.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- DMDD is characterized by irritable mood and outbursts.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
- IED is characterized by an inability to resist aggressive behavior, resulting in outbursts.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- ODD is characterized by defiant behavior, often directed against authority figures.
Aggression in Children and Adults
- Conduct Disorder is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in children, but can also be diagnosed in adults with late onset.
- Anti-Social Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in adults.
Memory: Types of Disorders
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease is a type of Mild NCD characterized by an insidious (subtle and gradual) onset, progressive course, and is irreversible.
Delirium
- Delirium is a type of memory disorder characterized by an acute (sudden) onset and is reversible.
Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia can be either localized or generalized, and is often related to trauma.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by switching between identities, with each alter having its own individual memory.
Depression and Psychosis
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- MDD is characterized by a depressive episode.
MDD with Psychotic Features
- MDD with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
MDD + Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- MDD + Dysthymia is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years.
MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features
- MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years, and hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
Aggression: Types of Disorders
Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by patterned antisocial behavior.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- DMDD is characterized by irritable mood and outbursts.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
- IED is characterized by an inability to resist aggressive behavior, resulting in outbursts.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- ODD is characterized by defiant behavior, often directed against authority figures.
Aggression in Children and Adults
- Conduct Disorder is characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in children, but can also be diagnosed in adults with late onset.
- Anti-Social Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of remorse and empathy, typically diagnosed in adults.
Memory: Types of Disorders
Mild NCD: Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease is a type of Mild NCD characterized by an insidious (subtle and gradual) onset, progressive course, and is irreversible.
Delirium
- Delirium is a type of memory disorder characterized by an acute (sudden) onset and is reversible.
Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia can be either localized or generalized, and is often related to trauma.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by switching between identities, with each alter having its own individual memory.
Depression and Psychosis
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- MDD is characterized by a depressive episode.
MDD with Psychotic Features
- MDD with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
MDD + Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- MDD + Dysthymia is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years.
MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features
- MDD + Dysthymia with Psychotic Features is characterized by depressive symptoms, with a duration of 2 years, and hallucinations (H) and delusions (D) exclusively during the depressive episode.
Aggression: Types of Disorders
Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Conduct/Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by patterned antisocial behavior.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- DMDD is characterized by irritable mood and outbursts.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
- IED is characterized by an inability to resist aggressive behavior, resulting in outbursts.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- ODD is characterized by defiant behavior, often directed against authority figures.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Characterized by a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years.
- Presence of 2 or more of the following symptoms while depressed:
- Poor appetite or overeating
- Insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness)
- Low energy or fatigue
- Low self-esteem
- Inability to concentrate or make decisions
- Feelings of hopelessness or helplessness
- No history of manic or hypomanic episodes.
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