Psychological Disorders and DSM Overview
44 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which statement best defines a psychological disorder?

  • A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior. (correct)
  • A minor emotional disturbance that does not affect daily life.
  • A temporary emotional response to a stressful event.
  • An unusual behavior that does not have a clear cause.

What is one primary benefit of using the DSM?

  • It guarantees a complete understanding of overlapping disorders.
  • It eliminates all stigma associated with psychological disorders.
  • It creates a standard intervention to improve treatment. (correct)
  • It offers a fixed understanding of all disorders.

How can diagnostic labels be problematic?

  • They eliminate the need for further research into disorders.
  • They always lead to personalized treatment plans.
  • They simplify the understanding of psychological conditions.
  • They often create stigma and can stick despite changes in symptoms. (correct)

According to the diathesis-stress model, when does a disorder typically occur?

<p>When an individual has both risk factors and high levels of stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a syndrome from a symptom in psychological disorders?

<p>A syndrome is a cluster of symptoms that occur simultaneously, while a symptom is an individual feature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the action of antipsychotic medications?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of an atypical antipsychotic?

<p>Haldol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of using antidepressants for treatment?

<p>They can take time to work and may have a placebo effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is recognized for its effectiveness in reducing manic symptoms but can be toxic at higher doses?

<p>Lithium carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits of medication for psychological disorders?

<p>They allow for more normal lives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the psychoanalytic approach?

<p>The unconscious mind and past experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves patients speaking freely without filtering their thoughts?

<p>Free association (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes responsibility for one's actions and self-actualization?

<p>Humanistic therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?

<p>Relieve symptoms while focusing on interpersonal relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive therapy, what is primarily emphasized?

<p>The influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is specifically known for its use of role-play in therapy?

<p>Gestalt therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

<p>Integrating cognitive and behavioral approaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach uses exposure techniques as part of its methodology?

<p>Behavior therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

<p>To induce controlled seizures for severe cases only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deep brain stimulation?

<p>To regulate abnormal brain activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of talk therapy?

<p>Provides a supportive environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of combining psychological and biological interventions?

<p>Requires more resources, which can be costly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes eustress?

<p>Stress that motivates personal growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does primary appraisal involve?

<p>Determining if a situation is a challenge or threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios represents distress?

<p>Breaking up with a partner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit is associated with physical activity in terms of mental health?

<p>It reduces symptoms of stress and depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

<p>Alarm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stress is characterized by everyday irritations such as traffic jams and job-related stress?

<p>Daily hassles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perceived control influence stress management?

<p>It enhances an individual's ability to manage outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study on learned helplessness conducted by Martin Seligman, what was observed in dogs that could not avoid shocks?

<p>They eventually refused to attempt to escape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the process of eating?

<p>Consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is generally considered to be less stressful according to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

<p>Promotion at work (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT impact healthy eating choices?

<p>Fasting as an eating strategy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Resistance' refer to in the general adaptation syndrome?

<p>Body's defense systems gearing up (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general population?

<p>29% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is not typically associated with schizophrenia?

<p>Obsessive behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

<p>A trauma or stressor leads to symptoms lasting one month or longer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of mood-related disorders?

<p>Disturbances in positive and negative feelings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with bipolar disorder?

<p>Manic and depressive episodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is NOT classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder?

<p>Major depressive disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is common in personality disorders?

<p>Inflexible and pervasive behavior patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

<p>Continuous and difficult to control anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster includes paranoid personality disorder?

<p>Odd or eccentric behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

<p>Repeated behaviors to relieve anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychological Disorder

A significant disturbance in an individual's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Syndrome

A group of symptoms that occur together, typically indicating a specific condition.

DSM

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, used to diagnose mental health conditions.

Diathesis-Stress Model

A model suggesting that a disorder develops when someone with underlying vulnerability (diathesis) experiences significant stress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Learned Helplessness

A state of giving up and accepting an aversive situation you believe is beyond your control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antipsychotics

Medications used to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. They work by blocking dopamine neurotransmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Typical Antipsychotics

Older antipsychotics that are effective but have significant side effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atypical Antipsychotics

Newer antipsychotics with fewer motor side effects and can help with mood swings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antidepressants

Medications used to treat depression and some mood disorders by balancing brain chemicals like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SSRIs

A type of antidepressant that increases serotonin turnover in the brain. Common examples are Prozac and Zoloft.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychoanalytic approach

Emphasizes the unconscious mind and past experiences as the root of psychological issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Free association

A technique where the patient speaks freely about anything that comes to mind, without censoring themselves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interpretations

Explanations provided by the therapist about how the patient's thoughts and feelings connect to their past experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transference

The tendency of patients to act towards the therapist as they would towards important figures from their own lives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychodynamic approach

Focuses on the unconscious mind, early experiences, and relationships in shaping behavior and mental processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humanistic approach

Emphasizes individual responsibility, meaning, and self-actualization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Client-centered therapy

A therapeutic approach that focuses on unconditional acceptance, genuineness, and empathy from the therapist.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behaviorism

Explains behavior through learned associations and environmental factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A medical procedure that uses controlled electrical currents to induce a seizure in the brain while a patient is under anesthesia. It is typically reserved for severe cases of depression that haven't responded to medication and where there is a high risk of suicide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A surgical procedure where electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain to regulate abnormal brain activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Appraisal

The initial evaluation of a situation, determining whether it is a challenge, a threat, or a benign event.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Appraisal

Evaluating your ability to cope with a stressful situation, considering available resources and options.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eustress

Positive stress that motivates you to take action, learn, or grow. It can be a constructive force.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distress

Negative stress that is harmful to your well-being. It can lead to anxiety, depression, or burnout.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anxiety Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by intense worry, nervousness, and fear. These disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in daily life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Specific Phobia

An intense and irrational fear of a specific object or situation. This fear often leads to avoidance behaviors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Anxiety Disorder

A fear of social situations where one might be judged or observed by others. It can lead to avoidance of social events or situations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Panic Disorder

A disorder characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks. Symptoms can include rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agoraphobia

A fear of being unable to escape a situation, often leading to avoidance of public places or situations where help might not be readily available.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A disorder characterized by persistent and excessive worry, often about a variety of things. This worry is difficult to control and can cause significant distress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder that develops after experiencing a traumatic event. Symptoms include intrusive memories, nightmares, avoidance behaviors, and heightened arousal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of sadness, emptiness, and loss of interest in activities that were previously enjoyable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. Mania involves elevated mood, increased energy, and rapid thoughts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fight-or-Flight Response

The body's automatic physiological response to stress, preparing for immediate action. It activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and adrenaline.

Signup and view all the flashcards

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A three-stage physiological response to prolonged stress: alarm (initial response), resistance (coping mechanisms), and exhaustion (breakdown if stress persists).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trauma

Experiences or witnessing events that cause intense psychological distress, such as accidents, natural disasters, or violence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Life Changes

Major events that disrupt our routines and require adaptation, such as moving, marriage, or losing a loved one. These changes can be stressful.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Daily Hassles

Everyday annoyances and minor stressors, such as traffic jams, deadlines, and arguments. They can add up and contribute to feeling overwhelmed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perceived Control

Our belief in our ability to influence and manage events in our lives. A strong sense of control can reduce stress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Delay, Effort, and Financial Cost

Factors that influence our food choices. Foods that are quick to prepare, easy to obtain, and affordable are often chosen over healthier options that require more time, effort, and money.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Psychological Disorders

  • A psychological disorder is a clinically significant disturbance in a person's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior.
  • Disorders are viewed as a continuum ranging from normal to severe.
  • A syndrome is a cluster of physical or mental symptoms that typically occur simultaneously, characteristic of a particular condition or disorder.
  • A symptom is a physical or mental state feature that may be indicative of a specific condition or disorder.

DSM

  • DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders.
  • It is a manual of psychological disorders, continuously revised, most recently DSM-5 (as of 2013).
  • Benefits of DSM:
    • Improves treatment by providing standard interventions.
    • Improves research.
    • Reduces confusion for individuals with a confusing set of symptoms.
  • Problems with DSM:
    • Can create a stigma.
    • Researchers may view disorders as fixed, overlooking overlaps.
    • Diagnostic labels can persist despite changes in symptoms.

Diathesis-Stress Model

  • The diathesis-stress model posits that disorders arise when individuals have both risk factors (diathesis) and high levels of stress.
  • Learned helplessness is a state of passive resignation to an aversive situation.

Types of Disorders

  • Anxiety Disorders: Include specific phobia (fear of a specific thing), social anxiety disorder (fear of being watched/judged), panic disorder (unexpected panic attacks), agoraphobia (fear of being unable to escape a situation), and generalized anxiety disorder (continuous, pervasive, and difficult to control anxiety). The prevalence of anxiety disorders is approximately 29%.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A trauma- or stressor-related disorder lasting at least one month, prevalence is 2% in the USA and is not categorized as an anxiety disorder in DSM-5.
  • Mood Disorders: Characterized by prominent mood disturbances like sadness, emptiness, and feelings of anhedonia (loss of pleasure). Bipolar disorder involve both manic and depressive episodes. Major depressive disorder is characterized by persistent sadness and emptiness, and is among the most common mood disorders.
  • Schizophrenia: A disorder involving a loss of contact with reality, causing bizarre perceptions and breakdowns in normal mental functions.
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Include deficits in functioning during developmental periods, such as ADHD, learning disorders, and autism spectrum disorder. Conditions such as autism spectrum disorder have social issues, with deficits in social motivation and interaction and restricted or repetitive patterns of interest or behavior.
  • Personality Disorders: Characterized by patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms, are inflexible and pervasive, and lead to significant distress or impairment.

Therapies

  • Early Therapies: Treatments for psychological disorders often involved trephination (creating holes in the skull) and other barbaric practices.
  • Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix: Improved treatment by advocating for humane methods and removing patients from shackles and chains.
  • Psychological Therapies: The title of "counselor" or "therapist" can be claimed without a specific license, although meeting client needs is crucial. Experience isn't the only predictor of success; professionals using these therapies need to demonstrate the knowledge and sensitivity required.
  • Biological Therapies: Always require a license, for instance because they usually involve medication and interventions. Barriers to treatment include lack of physical or financial access to treatment and a lack of recognition of the condition as treatable. Strong rapport, client motivation, and a match between the type of therapy and the disorder improve treatment effectiveness.

Combining Treatments

  • Combining talk therapies and biological interventions can provide numerous advantages (e.g. increase effectiveness, provide safe space) but also pose challenges (e.g. side effects, increased costs).

Stress and Health

  • Primary Appraisal: Initial evaluation of a situation (e.g., is losing a job a challenge or threat?).
  • Secondary Appraisal: Evaluating one's ability to cope with a situation (e.g., what options do I have? How will those options help the situation?).
  • Eustress: Positive stress that motivates action (e.g., buying a new home).
  • Distress: Negative stress (e.g., breaking up with a partner).
  • Fight-or-flight response: Physiological response to threat involving the sympathetic nervous system.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Psychology Exam 5 PDF

Description

Explore the definition and characteristics of psychological disorders and the role of the DSM in diagnosing them. This quiz covers the spectrum of disorders, including syndromes and symptoms, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with the DSM. Test your knowledge on these crucial concepts in mental health.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser