Psychological Disorders and DSM Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which statement best defines a psychological disorder?

  • A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior. (correct)
  • A minor emotional disturbance that does not affect daily life.
  • A temporary emotional response to a stressful event.
  • An unusual behavior that does not have a clear cause.

    • What is one primary benefit of using the DSM?

  • It guarantees a complete understanding of overlapping disorders.
  • It eliminates all stigma associated with psychological disorders.
  • It creates a standard intervention to improve treatment. (correct)
  • It offers a fixed understanding of all disorders.

    • How can diagnostic labels be problematic?

  • They eliminate the need for further research into disorders.
  • They always lead to personalized treatment plans.
  • They simplify the understanding of psychological conditions.
  • They often create stigma and can stick despite changes in symptoms. (correct)

    • According to the diathesis-stress model, when does a disorder typically occur?

    <p>When an individual has both risk factors and high levels of stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a syndrome from a symptom in psychological disorders?

    <p>A syndrome is a cluster of symptoms that occur simultaneously, while a symptom is an individual feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the action of antipsychotic medications?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common example of an atypical antipsychotic?

    <p>Haldol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of using antidepressants for treatment?

    <p>They can take time to work and may have a placebo effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is recognized for its effectiveness in reducing manic symptoms but can be toxic at higher doses?

    <p>Lithium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of medication for psychological disorders?

    <p>They allow for more normal lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the psychoanalytic approach?

    <p>The unconscious mind and past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involves patients speaking freely without filtering their thoughts?

    <p>Free association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach emphasizes responsibility for one's actions and self-actualization?

    <p>Humanistic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>Relieve symptoms while focusing on interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive therapy, what is primarily emphasized?

    <p>The influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is specifically known for its use of role-play in therapy?

    <p>Gestalt therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

    <p>Integrating cognitive and behavioral approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach uses exposure techniques as part of its methodology?

    <p>Behavior therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

    <p>To induce controlled seizures for severe cases only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of deep brain stimulation?

    <p>To regulate abnormal brain activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a limitation of talk therapy?

    <p>Provides a supportive environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of combining psychological and biological interventions?

    <p>Requires more resources, which can be costly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes eustress?

    <p>Stress that motivates personal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does primary appraisal involve?

    <p>Determining if a situation is a challenge or threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these scenarios represents distress?

    <p>Breaking up with a partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit is associated with physical activity in terms of mental health?

    <p>It reduces symptoms of stress and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

    <p>Alarm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is characterized by everyday irritations such as traffic jams and job-related stress?

    <p>Daily hassles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does perceived control influence stress management?

    <p>It enhances an individual's ability to manage outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study on learned helplessness conducted by Martin Seligman, what was observed in dogs that could not avoid shocks?

    <p>They eventually refused to attempt to escape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the process of eating?

    <p>Consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is generally considered to be less stressful according to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

    <p>Promotion at work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT impact healthy eating choices?

    <p>Fasting as an eating strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Resistance' refer to in the general adaptation syndrome?

    <p>Body's defense systems gearing up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general population?

    <p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Obsessive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>A trauma or stressor leads to symptoms lasting one month or longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of mood-related disorders?

    <p>Disturbances in positive and negative feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with bipolar disorder?

    <p>Manic and depressive episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is NOT classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder?

    <p>Major depressive disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is common in personality disorders?

    <p>Inflexible and pervasive behavior patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

    <p>Continuous and difficult to control anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cluster includes paranoid personality disorder?

    <p>Odd or eccentric behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Repeated behaviors to relieve anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychological Disorders

    • A psychological disorder is a clinically significant disturbance in a person's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior.
    • Disorders are viewed as a continuum ranging from normal to severe.
    • A syndrome is a cluster of physical or mental symptoms that typically occur simultaneously, characteristic of a particular condition or disorder.
    • A symptom is a physical or mental state feature that may be indicative of a specific condition or disorder.

    DSM

    • DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders.
    • It is a manual of psychological disorders, continuously revised, most recently DSM-5 (as of 2013).
    • Benefits of DSM:
      • Improves treatment by providing standard interventions.
      • Improves research.
      • Reduces confusion for individuals with a confusing set of symptoms.
    • Problems with DSM:
      • Can create a stigma.
      • Researchers may view disorders as fixed, overlooking overlaps.
      • Diagnostic labels can persist despite changes in symptoms.

    Diathesis-Stress Model

    • The diathesis-stress model posits that disorders arise when individuals have both risk factors (diathesis) and high levels of stress.
    • Learned helplessness is a state of passive resignation to an aversive situation.

    Types of Disorders

    • Anxiety Disorders: Include specific phobia (fear of a specific thing), social anxiety disorder (fear of being watched/judged), panic disorder (unexpected panic attacks), agoraphobia (fear of being unable to escape a situation), and generalized anxiety disorder (continuous, pervasive, and difficult to control anxiety). The prevalence of anxiety disorders is approximately 29%.
    • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A trauma- or stressor-related disorder lasting at least one month, prevalence is 2% in the USA and is not categorized as an anxiety disorder in DSM-5.
    • Mood Disorders: Characterized by prominent mood disturbances like sadness, emptiness, and feelings of anhedonia (loss of pleasure). Bipolar disorder involve both manic and depressive episodes. Major depressive disorder is characterized by persistent sadness and emptiness, and is among the most common mood disorders.
    • Schizophrenia: A disorder involving a loss of contact with reality, causing bizarre perceptions and breakdowns in normal mental functions.
    • Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Include deficits in functioning during developmental periods, such as ADHD, learning disorders, and autism spectrum disorder. Conditions such as autism spectrum disorder have social issues, with deficits in social motivation and interaction and restricted or repetitive patterns of interest or behavior.
    • Personality Disorders: Characterized by patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms, are inflexible and pervasive, and lead to significant distress or impairment.

    Therapies

    • Early Therapies: Treatments for psychological disorders often involved trephination (creating holes in the skull) and other barbaric practices.
    • Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix: Improved treatment by advocating for humane methods and removing patients from shackles and chains.
    • Psychological Therapies: The title of "counselor" or "therapist" can be claimed without a specific license, although meeting client needs is crucial. Experience isn't the only predictor of success; professionals using these therapies need to demonstrate the knowledge and sensitivity required.
    • Biological Therapies: Always require a license, for instance because they usually involve medication and interventions. Barriers to treatment include lack of physical or financial access to treatment and a lack of recognition of the condition as treatable. Strong rapport, client motivation, and a match between the type of therapy and the disorder improve treatment effectiveness.

    Combining Treatments

    • Combining talk therapies and biological interventions can provide numerous advantages (e.g. increase effectiveness, provide safe space) but also pose challenges (e.g. side effects, increased costs).

    Stress and Health

    • Primary Appraisal: Initial evaluation of a situation (e.g., is losing a job a challenge or threat?).
    • Secondary Appraisal: Evaluating one's ability to cope with a situation (e.g., what options do I have? How will those options help the situation?).
    • Eustress: Positive stress that motivates action (e.g., buying a new home).
    • Distress: Negative stress (e.g., breaking up with a partner).
    • Fight-or-flight response: Physiological response to threat involving the sympathetic nervous system.

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    Description

    Explore the definition and characteristics of psychological disorders and the role of the DSM in diagnosing them. This quiz covers the spectrum of disorders, including syndromes and symptoms, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with the DSM. Test your knowledge on these crucial concepts in mental health.

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