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Questions and Answers
What term describes the science of psychological measurement?
What term describes the science of psychological measurement?
- Psychometrics (correct)
- Psychotherapy
- Psychoanalysis
- Psychomotor
Which component of a psychological test involves the specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly?
Which component of a psychological test involves the specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly?
- Format
- Item (correct)
- Score
- Administration Procedure
What is the purpose of a 'Cut-Score' in psychological testing?
What is the purpose of a 'Cut-Score' in psychological testing?
- To divide a set of data based on judgment (correct)
- To arrange the layout of a test
- To summarize the test statements
- To score individual performances
What term is used for the summary statement that reflects an evaluation of performance on a test?
What term is used for the summary statement that reflects an evaluation of performance on a test?
Assigning scores to performances is referred to as what?
Assigning scores to performances is referred to as what?
Who is referred to as a professional that uses, analyzes, and interprets psychological data?
Who is referred to as a professional that uses, analyzes, and interprets psychological data?
What is actuarial assessment characterized by?
What is actuarial assessment characterized by?
Which level of interpretation is primarily concerned with minimal interpretation and lacks concern with underlying constructs?
Which level of interpretation is primarily concerned with minimal interpretation and lacks concern with underlying constructs?
Which interpretation level involves developing a coherent and inclusive theory of the individual’s life?
Which interpretation level involves developing a coherent and inclusive theory of the individual’s life?
What does mechanical prediction in data interpretation use?
What does mechanical prediction in data interpretation use?
What's a common objective of a test battery?
What's a common objective of a test battery?
Which role in psychological assessment involves creating the tests or other methods of assessment?
Which role in psychological assessment involves creating the tests or other methods of assessment?
What does the term 'over behavior' refer to in psychological assessment?
What does the term 'over behavior' refer to in psychological assessment?
Which party is primarily responsible for marketing and selling psychological tests?
Which party is primarily responsible for marketing and selling psychological tests?
What is the key focus of Level II interpretation in psychological assessment?
What is the key focus of Level II interpretation in psychological assessment?
In psychological assessment, which type of prediction involves using computer algorithms?
In psychological assessment, which type of prediction involves using computer algorithms?
Which type of test primarily relies on predictive validity?
Which type of test primarily relies on predictive validity?
What kind of performance do typical performance tests measure?
What kind of performance do typical performance tests measure?
Which type of personality test requires choosing between two or more alternative responses?
Which type of personality test requires choosing between two or more alternative responses?
What is the primary characteristic of projective personality tests?
What is the primary characteristic of projective personality tests?
What does the mental status examination primarily determine?
What does the mental status examination primarily determine?
What can be inferred about the reliability of a test in different contexts?
What can be inferred about the reliability of a test in different contexts?
Which type of interview allows a client to express feelings without fear of disapproval?
Which type of interview allows a client to express feelings without fear of disapproval?
What does the 'error' component in Classical Test Theory refer to?
What does the 'error' component in Classical Test Theory refer to?
Which component of psychological assessment relies mainly on content validity?
Which component of psychological assessment relies mainly on content validity?
What component is essential in the Cumulative Scoring method besides appropriate test items?
What component is essential in the Cumulative Scoring method besides appropriate test items?
Which type of test measures individual dispositions and preferences?
Which type of test measures individual dispositions and preferences?
Which test's primary purpose is to measure the speed at which the test taker can complete it correctly?
Which test's primary purpose is to measure the speed at which the test taker can complete it correctly?
What does the reliability coefficient represent in psychological testing?
What does the reliability coefficient represent in psychological testing?
Which assumption states that tasks in tests mimic the actual behaviors they attempt to understand?
Which assumption states that tasks in tests mimic the actual behaviors they attempt to understand?
Which kind of interview typically involves more than one interviewer?
Which kind of interview typically involves more than one interviewer?
Which factor is NOT a potential source of error variance identified in the content?
Which factor is NOT a potential source of error variance identified in the content?
What is error variance defined as in the content?
What is error variance defined as in the content?
Which assumption highlights that various measurement techniques have both strengths and weaknesses?
Which assumption highlights that various measurement techniques have both strengths and weaknesses?
Which of the following is true about testing and assessment as per Assumption 7?
Which of the following is true about testing and assessment as per Assumption 7?
In which theory is the true score considered an unobtainable ideal?
In which theory is the true score considered an unobtainable ideal?
What does Fleiss Kappa measure?
What does Fleiss Kappa measure?
How does restriction of range affect the correlation coefficient?
How does restriction of range affect the correlation coefficient?
What is the main goal of reliability in psychological assessment?
What is the main goal of reliability in psychological assessment?
Which type of error is caused by unpredictable fluctuations and inconsistencies in the measurement process?
Which type of error is caused by unpredictable fluctuations and inconsistencies in the measurement process?
Which theory emphasizes the problem of using a limited number of items to represent a larger, more complicated construct?
Which theory emphasizes the problem of using a limited number of items to represent a larger, more complicated construct?
According to the true score formula, what does the $Rxx$ represent?
According to the true score formula, what does the $Rxx$ represent?
According to Generalizability Theory, what should happen if all facets in the universe are identical during testing?
According to Generalizability Theory, what should happen if all facets in the universe are identical during testing?
Which measure is specifically designed to evaluate inter-rater reliability with only two raters?
Which measure is specifically designed to evaluate inter-rater reliability with only two raters?
What is a major source of error variance related to the environment during test administration?
What is a major source of error variance related to the environment during test administration?
What is a key characteristic of a dynamic trait when measuring internal consistency?
What is a key characteristic of a dynamic trait when measuring internal consistency?
What happens to the test score when the test-retest interval is short and the second test is influenced by the first?
What happens to the test score when the test-retest interval is short and the second test is influenced by the first?
What is the best description of a power test?
What is the best description of a power test?
What is the effect of measurement error that consistently affects the test score in the same direction?
What is the effect of measurement error that consistently affects the test score in the same direction?
What increases the reliability of a test?
What increases the reliability of a test?
What is the primary focus of Item Response Theory?
What is the primary focus of Item Response Theory?
Which term describes the degree to which an item differentiates among individuals with varying levels of trait or ability?
Which term describes the degree to which an item differentiates among individuals with varying levels of trait or ability?
Which type of reliability is obtained from correlating pairs of scores from the same people on two different administrations of the test?
Which type of reliability is obtained from correlating pairs of scores from the same people on two different administrations of the test?
What element of variance is described as the difference between the observed score and the true score?
What element of variance is described as the difference between the observed score and the true score?
Which type of error is associated with consistent bias in scores due to a particular factor?
Which type of error is associated with consistent bias in scores due to a particular factor?
Which statement about error variance is correct?
Which statement about error variance is correct?
Which statistical tools are used to assess the Coefficient of Stability?
Which statistical tools are used to assess the Coefficient of Stability?
What is the main error associated with Split-Half Reliability?
What is the main error associated with Split-Half Reliability?
Which measure is used for inter-item consistency of dichotomous items with unequal variances?
Which measure is used for inter-item consistency of dichotomous items with unequal variances?
Which term describes a test that measures a single trait?
Which term describes a test that measures a single trait?
What is the purpose of counterbalancing in test administration?
What is the purpose of counterbalancing in test administration?
Which type of reliability is established when at least two different versions of the test yield almost the same scores?
Which type of reliability is established when at least two different versions of the test yield almost the same scores?
What is the error associated with Internal Consistency (Inter-Item Reliability)?
What is the error associated with Internal Consistency (Inter-Item Reliability)?
Which error should be corrected by just removing the first test of absentees?
Which error should be corrected by just removing the first test of absentees?
Which measure evaluates internal consistencies by focusing on the degree of differences between item scores?
Which measure evaluates internal consistencies by focusing on the degree of differences between item scores?
What should be equal for two forms in Parallel Forms Reliability?
What should be equal for two forms in Parallel Forms Reliability?
Which term describes the failure to capture important components of a construct in a test blueprint?
Which term describes the failure to capture important components of a construct in a test blueprint?
What happens when test scores are influenced by factors irrelevant to the construct?
What happens when test scores are influenced by factors irrelevant to the construct?
Which statistical concept is used to calculate the Content Validity Ratio (CVR)?
Which statistical concept is used to calculate the Content Validity Ratio (CVR)?
If the CVI is low, what should be done to the items with low CVR values?
If the CVI is low, what should be done to the items with low CVR values?
Which type of validity involves assessing whether test scores can predict future performance?
Which type of validity involves assessing whether test scores can predict future performance?
What describes the degree to which an additional predictor explains something not explained by predictors already in use?
What describes the degree to which an additional predictor explains something not explained by predictors already in use?
What type of validity covers all other types and is both statistical and logical?
What type of validity covers all other types and is both statistical and logical?
Which method demonstrates that test scores vary predictably as a function of group membership?
Which method demonstrates that test scores vary predictably as a function of group membership?
What is indicated by a validity coefficient showing little relationship between test scores and unrelated variables?
What is indicated by a validity coefficient showing little relationship between test scores and unrelated variables?
Which type of validity measures the relevancy, validity, and uncontaminated nature of a standard for judgment?
Which type of validity measures the relevancy, validity, and uncontaminated nature of a standard for judgment?
Which stage of Factor Analysis involves estimating or extracting factors and deciding how many factors must be retained?
Which stage of Factor Analysis involves estimating or extracting factors and deciding how many factors must be retained?
What is the term used for the revalidation of a test to a criterion based on a different group from the original group?
What is the term used for the revalidation of a test to a criterion based on a different group from the original group?
Which type of rating error involves the rater's ratings clustering in the middle of the rating scale?
Which type of rating error involves the rater's ratings clustering in the middle of the rating scale?
Which table is used in Utility Analysis to indicate the extent to which a test taker will score within some interval of scores on a criterion measure?
Which table is used in Utility Analysis to indicate the extent to which a test taker will score within some interval of scores on a criterion measure?
Which factor analysis approach tests the degree to which a hypothetical model fits the actual data?
Which factor analysis approach tests the degree to which a hypothetical model fits the actual data?
What describes the term 'Factor Loading' in the context of factor analysis?
What describes the term 'Factor Loading' in the context of factor analysis?
Which approach is used to prevent bias during the development of a test?
Which approach is used to prevent bias during the development of a test?
What is the term for the procedure that entails comparing the cost and benefits to yield information about the usefulness of an assessment tool?
What is the term for the procedure that entails comparing the cost and benefits to yield information about the usefulness of an assessment tool?
What error might occur due to a rater's inability to discriminate among conceptually distinct aspects of a ratee’s behavior?
What error might occur due to a rater's inability to discriminate among conceptually distinct aspects of a ratee’s behavior?
What is the relationship between higher criterion-related validity and utility in the context of psychological assessment?
What is the relationship between higher criterion-related validity and utility in the context of psychological assessment?
What does the Confidence Interval in psychological testing represent?
What does the Confidence Interval in psychological testing represent?
How can the Standard Error of the Difference assist a test user?
How can the Standard Error of the Difference assist a test user?
Which condition will result in a larger confidence interval?
Which condition will result in a larger confidence interval?
What is measured by test sensitivity?
What is measured by test sensitivity?
Which type of reliability estimate involves the nature of a test being either homogenous or heterogeneous?
Which type of reliability estimate involves the nature of a test being either homogenous or heterogeneous?
What does a high selection ratio imply in psychological testing?
What does a high selection ratio imply in psychological testing?
Which statement best defines face validity?
Which statement best defines face validity?
In which type of study is conceptual validity most emphasized?
In which type of study is conceptual validity most emphasized?
What is the primary goal of content validity?
What is the primary goal of content validity?
Which term is used to describe the proportion of the population that actually possesses the characteristic of interest?
Which term is used to describe the proportion of the population that actually possesses the characteristic of interest?
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Study Notes
Psychological Assessment
- Definition: A device or procedure designed to measure variables related to psychology
- Components:
- Content: Subject matter
- Format: Form, plan, structure, arrangement, layout
- Item: A specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly and this response is being scored or evaluated
- Administration Procedures: One-to-one basis or group administration
- Score: Code or summary of statement, usually but not necessarily numerical in nature, but reflects an evaluation of performance on a test
- Scoring: The process of assigning scores to performances
- Cut-Score: Reference point derived by judgement and used to divide a set of data into two or more classification
- Psychometric Soundness: Technical quality
- Psychometrics: The science of psychological measurement
- Psychometrist or Psychometrician: Refer to professional who uses, analyzes, and interprets psychological data
Types of Psychological Tests
- Ability or Maximal Performance Test: Assess what a person can do
- Achievement Test: Measurement of previous learning, used to assess mastery
- Aptitude Test: Refers to the potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill
- Intelligence Test: Refers to a person's general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing environments, abstract thinking, and profit from experience
- Typical Performance Test: Measures usual or habitual thoughts, feelings, and behavior
- Personality Test: Measures individual dispositions and preferences
- Structured Personality Test: Provides statement, usually self-report, and requires the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses
- Projective Personality Test: Unstructured, and the stimulus or response are ambiguous
- Attitude Test: Elicits personal beliefs and opinions
- Interest Inventories: Measures likes and dislikes as well as one's personality orientation towards the world of work
- Other Tests: Speed, Power, Values Inventory, Trade, Neuropsychological, Norm-Referenced, and Criterion-Referenced Tests
Psychological Assessment Methods
- Interview: Method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange
- Standardized/Structured Interview: Questions are prepared
- Non-Standardized/Unstructured Interview: Ideas in depth
- Semi-Standardized/Focused Interview: May probe further on specific number of questions
- Non-Directive Interview: Subject is allowed to express his feelings without fear of disapproval
- Mental Status Examination: Determines the mental status of the patient
- Intake Interview: Determine why the client came for assessment; chance to inform the client about the policies, fees, and process involved
- Social Case: Biographical sketch of the client
- Employment Interview: Determine whether the candidate is suitable for hiring
- Panel Interview (Board Interview): More than one interviewer participates in the assessment
- Motivational Interview: Used by counselors and clinicians to gather information about some problematic behavior, while simultaneously attempting to address it therapeutically
- Portfolio: Samples of one's ability and accomplishment
- Case History Data: Records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee
- Case Study: A report or illustrative account concerning a person or an event that was compiled on the basis of case history data
- Groupthink: Result of the varied forces that drive decision-makers to reach a consensus
Data Collection and Interpretation
- Data Collection: Gathering information through various methods
- Data Interpretation: Analyzing and making sense of the collected data
- Hit Rate: Accurately predicts success or failure
- Profile: Narrative description, graph, table, or other representations of the extent to which a person has demonstrated certain targeted characteristics as a result of the administration or application of tools of assessment
- Actuarial Assessment: An approach to evaluation characterized by the application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules as determining factor in assessors' judgement and actions
- Mechanical Prediction: Application of computer algorithms together with statistical rules and probabilities to generate findings and recommendations
Levels of Interpretation
- Level I: Minimal concern with intervening processes, data are primarily treated in a sampling or correlate way
- Level II: Descriptive Generalizations, hypothetical construct, the assumption of an inner state which goes logically beyond the description of visible behavior
- Level III: The effort to develop a coherent and inclusive theory of the individual life or a "working image" of the patient
Parties in Psychological Assessment
- Test Author/Developer: Creates the tests or other methods of assessment
- Test Publishers: Publish, market, sell, and control the distribution of tests
- Test Reviewers: Prepare evaluative critiques based on the technical and practical aspects of the tests
- Test Users: Uses the test of assessment
- Test Takers: Those who take the tests
- Test Sponsors: Institutions or government who contract test developers for various testing services
Assumptions About Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist: Psychological traits and states are assumed to exist and can be measured
- Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States can be Quantified and Measured: Traits and states can be measured using tests and other methods
- Assumption 3: Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior: The tasks in some tests mimic the actual behaviors that the test user is attempting to understand
- Assumption 4: Test and Other Measurement Techniques have Strengths and Weaknesses: Competent test users understand and appreciate the limitations of the test they use
- Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error are Part of the Assessment Process: Error refers to something that is more than expected, and it is a component of the measurement process
- Assumption 6: Testing and Assessment can be Conducted in a Fair and Unbiased Manner: Tests are tools and can be used properly or improperly
- Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Benefit Society: Considering the many critical decisions that are based on testing and assessment procedures, we can readily appreciate the need for tests### Psychological Assessment
- A field of study that focuses on the development and use of tools to measure and evaluate human behavior, abilities, and characteristics.
Reliability
- Refers to the consistency of a test's measurements.
- Mortality: Problems in absences in the second session (just remove the first tests of the absents).
- Coefficient of Stability: Statistical tool used to measure reliability, e.g., Pearson R, Spearman Rho.
- Parallel Forms/Alternate Forms Reliability: Established when at least two different versions of the test yield almost the same scores.
- Split-Half Reliability: Obtained by correlating two pairs of scores obtained from equivalent halves of a single test administered once.
- Internal Consistency (Inter-Item Reliability): Measures the consistency among items within the test.
- Error: Factors that affect reliability, e.g., Carryover Effects, Practice Effect, Item Sampling.
Error
- Carryover Effects: Happened when the test-retest interval is short, wherein the second test is influenced by the first test.
- Practice Effect: Scores on the second session are higher due to their experience of the first session of testing.
- Scorer Differences: The degree of agreement or consistency between two or more scorers with regard to a particular measure.
Tests
- Power Tests: Allow test takers to attempt all items.
- Speed Tests: Contain items of uniform level of difficulty with a time limit.
- Criterion-Referenced Tests: Designed to provide an indication of where a test taker stands with respect to some variable or criterion.
Theories
- Classical Test Theory: Everyone has a "true score" on a test, which is affected by random error.
- Domain Sampling Theory: Estimates the extent to which specific sources of variation under defined conditions are contributing to the test scores.
- Generalizability Theory: Based on the idea that a person's test scores vary from testing to testing because of the variables in the testing situations.
Item Response Theory
- The probability that a person with X ability will be able to perform at a level of Y in a test.
- Focuses on item difficulty.
Latent-Trait Theory
- A system of assumption about measurement and the extent to which item measures the trait.
- The computer is used to focus on the range of item difficulty that helps assess an individual's ability level.
Standard Error of Measurement
- Provides an estimate of the amount of error inherent in an observed score or measurement.
- Higher reliability, lower SEM.
Validity
- A judgment or estimate of how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
- Content Validity: Degree of representativeness and relevance of the assessment instrument to the construct being measured.
- Criterion Validity: A judgment of how adequately a test score can be used to infer an individual's most probable standing on some measure of interest.
- Construct Validity: Judgment about the appropriateness of inferences drawn from test scores regarding individual standing on a variable called construct.
Test Blueprint
- A plan regarding the types of information to be covered by items, the number of items tapping each area of coverage, and so forth.
#BLEPP
- Source: Cohen & Swerdlik (2018), Kaplan & Saccuzzo (2018), Groth & Wright (2016), Psych Pearls.
Additional Concepts
- Factor Analysis: Designed to identify factors or specific variables that are typically attributes, characteristics, or dimensions on which people may differ.
- Bias: Factor inherent in a test that systematically prevents accurate, impartial measurement.
- Rating: Numerical or verbal judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum identified by a scale of numerical or word descriptors.
- Fairness: The extent to which a test is used in an impartial, just, and equitable way.
- Utility: The practical value of testing to improve efficiency.
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