Questions and Answers
What aspect of personality does the ID primarily represent?
Which component of personality serves as the intermediary between the ID and the Superego?
Which defense mechanism involves justifying behaviors or thoughts to avoid guilt?
What could result from fixation during any of the psychosexual stages of development?
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According to the psychodynamic model, childhood experiences are significant for which reason?
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Which defense mechanism involves attributing unwanted thoughts or desires to others?
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What is the primary goal of psychoanalysis in the psychodynamic model?
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In which defense mechanism does a person behave in a way that is contrary to their true feelings?
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What does 'free association' in psychoanalysis involve?
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Which technique in psychoanalysis focuses on interpreting the hidden meanings in dreams?
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What is transference in the context of psychoanalysis?
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Which of the following is a criticism of psychodynamic models and therapies?
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According to the A-B-C theory of emotional disturbance, what does 'B' represent?
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What fundamental belief did Carl Rogers hold about humans in his humanistic model?
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Which term best describes Maslow's concept related to reaching full potential?
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What does unconditional positive regard involve in therapy according to Carl Rogers?
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In cognitive-behavioral therapy, a therapist would likely focus on which aspect of a client's emotional disturbance?
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What is a significant limitation of humanistic-existential therapies?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for triggering a state of fear or anxiety?
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What is the effect of reduced GABA in the hippocampus and amygdala?
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Which psychological phenomenon occurs when someone interprets physiological changes as signs of danger?
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What is the result of the higher-level processing of the prefrontal cortex?
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How does the skill of reappraisal help individuals with anxiety?
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What happens to one's reactivity in the fear circuitry over time?
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Which cultural aspect can influence the expression of anxiety?
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What impact does a sense of control have on anxiety vulnerability?
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What is the primary difference in social anxiety between Western and Asian cultures?
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing Social Anxiety Disorder?
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Which gender is more likely to develop Social Anxiety Disorder?
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What constitutes a phobia as opposed to general anxiety?
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How long must phobic symptoms be present to meet diagnostic criteria?
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What is an example of a specific phobia?
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Which of the following is a common type of specific phobia?
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What is a notable characteristic of phobias in children compared to adults?
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Study Notes
Psychodynamic Model
- Mental disorders stem from childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts.
- Freud is the key figure in the development of the psychodynamic model.
- Personality comprises three components: Id, Ego, and Superego.
- The Id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
- The Ego is influenced by the reality principle, adjusting behavior based on environmental demands.
- The Superego incorporates moral standards, instilling guilt and preventing unethical behavior.
- Human personality evolves through five psychosexual stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.
- Fixation at any psychosexual stage can impact later personality development.
- Defense mechanisms protect the self from uncomfortable thoughts and feelings:
- Repression: Suppresses dangerous thoughts.
- Reaction Formation: Acts opposite to unconscious wishes.
- Projection: Projects unwanted thoughts onto others.
- Rationalization: Justifies behavior with socially acceptable reasons.
- Displacement: Redirects emotions to a safer target.
Psychoanalysis
- Aims to uncover blocked material from the unconscious through methods like:
- Free association: Clients share whatever comes to mind.
- Dream analysis: Interpreting hidden meanings in dreams.
- Resistance: Clues to repressed conflicts through avoidance behaviors.
- Transference: Client's emotions towards therapist reflect past relationships.
- Countertransference: Therapist's emotional responses influenced by their personal experiences.
Criticism of Psychodynamic Models
- Reliance on case studies and self-analysis.
- Limited representation of diverse populations.
- Insufficient attention to cultural and social factors.
- Not suited for less communicative individuals.
- Fewer outcome studies in comparison to other psychological models.
Cognitive-Behavioral Models
- Connect irrational thoughts to psychopathology.
- A-B-C Theory by Albert Ellis outlines emotional disturbance:
- A: Activating event.
- B: Beliefs about the activating event influence reaction.
- C: Emotional/behavioral consequence.
- Exploring irrational thoughts in therapy aids in challenging and reframing perceptions.
Humanistic Models
- Focus on the whole person and the role of free will.
- Carl Rogers emphasized the innate goodness and capacity for growth in individuals.
- Self-actualization refers to the drive to reach full potential, preventing mental illness.
- Person-Centered Therapy provides an accepting environment for self-actualization.
- Unconditional Positive Regard requires therapists to fully accept clients without judgment.
Criticism of Humanistic-Existential Therapies
- Noted prevalence of social phobias in adults compared to children.
Biological Dimension of Anxiety Disorders
- Key brain structures involved: Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus.
- Amygdala triggers fear responses, activating the HPA axis and fight-or-flight responses.
- Increased amygdala reactivity may impair rational thinking over time.
- Reduced GABA levels in the hippocampus and amygdala linked to anxiety symptoms.
- Therapies can enhance prefrontal cortex-amygdala connectivity.
Psychological Dimension of Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety Sensitivity: Interpreting bodily changes as dangerous increases anxiety risk.
- Negative Appraisal: Viewing ambiguous events as threats heightens anxiety disorder likelihood.
- Skill of Reappraisal: Ability to view situations from multiple perspectives reduces anxiety symptoms.
Sociocultural Dimensions of Anxiety Disorders
- Cultural influences shape expression of anxiety.
- Individualistic cultures focus on self-embarrassment; collectivistic cultures emphasize social harmony.
Phobias
- Defined as intense, persistent fears of specific objects/situations.
- Adults may recognize the irrationality of their fears, whereas children may not.
- Most prevalent mental disorder in the U.S., with types including:
- Social Anxiety Disorder: Significant fear in social scenarios, causing avoidance or distress.
- Specific Phobias: Intense fear of particular objects or situations.
- Agoraphobia: Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult.
Specific Phobia Criteria
- Symptoms include immediate fear or anxiety upon exposure to feared stimuli and avoidance behaviors.
- Affects social, educational, or occupational functioning, lasting 6+ months.
Types of Specific Phobias
- Common categories:
- Living creatures (e.g., spiders).
- Environmental conditions (e.g., heights).
- Blood/injection or injury (e.g., needles).
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Description
Explore the psychodynamic model of psychology, focusing on the influence of childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts on mental disorders. Learn about the key components of personality, including the Id, Ego, and Superego, as well as the psychosexual stages of development and various defense mechanisms. This quiz delves into Freud's contributions to the field and their lasting impacts.
