Psychology Chapter 26-28 Psychoanalytic Theories by Freud and Jung

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Questions and Answers

What aspect of personality does Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasize?

The social interactions of an individual

The importance of childhood drives and conflicts (correct)

The influence of conscious thoughts

The role of genetics in personality development

In Freud's model, which personality structure is primarily responsible for moral judgments?

Conscious mind

Ego

Superego (correct)

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the ego in Freud's theory?

Represents the ideal self of an individual

Is mainly unconscious and irrational

Acts entirely based on primal impulses

Serves as a mediator between id and superego (correct)

What is the primary purpose of defense mechanisms in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

To distort reality and protect from anxiety Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Jung's theory, what does the collective unconscious contain?

Shared inherited images known as archetypes Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in Jung’s theory represents the darker, undesirable aspects of personality?

The shadow Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality did Alfred Adler primarily focus on regarding children?

Feelings of inferiority Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's model, which of the following structures is entirely unconscious?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on personal growth, according to Carl Rogers?

Interactions with other people Signup and view all the answers

How does unconditional positive regard differ from conditional positive regard?

Unconditional regard promotes personal growth, while conditional regard inhibits it. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dimensions is NOT part of the Big Five theory of personality?

Social responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

According to trait theory, how are personality traits characterized?

They are stable over time and characteristic of how individuals think or act. Signup and view all the answers

What does Carl Rogers believe is linked to a more positive self-concept?

A match between ideal self and actual experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with the trait of neuroticism in the Big Five theory?

Emotional instability Signup and view all the answers

What effect does conditional positive regard have on personal growth, according to Carl Rogers?

It inhibits personal growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of trait theories in understanding behavior?

They do not factor in situational influences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of trait theory?

It oversimplifies and ignores external influences on personality. Signup and view all the answers

In appraisal theory, what occurs during a secondary appraisal?

An individual evaluates available resources to cope with a stressor. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stressor is characterized by everyday irritations that affect few people?

Daily hassles Signup and view all the answers

How does motivational conflict theory describe approach-approach conflict?

Deciding between pursuing two incompatible goals with desirable outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of experiencing stress?

Health problems such as high blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes environmental stressors?

Persistent irritations that affect many people. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes catastrophes from other types of stressors?

They are significant events that affect many people. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a personal life event as a stressor?

Experiencing a death in the family. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does chronic stress have on the hippocampus?

Impair learning due to synaptic changes Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is associated with increased anxiety in response to chronic stress?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of regular meditation?

Enhances emotional self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT typically associated with relaxation?

High-intensity interval training Signup and view all the answers

In the elaboration likelihood model, which route is more effective when the audience is not paying close attention?

Peripheral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of meditation techniques?

To achieve mental clarity and emotional calmness Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the central route to persuasion is true?

Involves well-reasoned arguments based on evidence Signup and view all the answers

What feeling do children often experience in relation to adults, according to Adler?

Inferiority Signup and view all the answers

What physiological state is achieved through relaxation techniques?

Reduced arousal and sympathetic activity Signup and view all the answers

How do oldest children typically respond to feelings of inferiority in Adler's theory?

They often overachieve. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

Self-actualization and personal growth Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, which level of the hierarchy of needs must be fulfilled first?

Basic physiological needs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of self-actualization needs as described by Maslow?

A lawyer impacting positive change in the community Signup and view all the answers

What need describes the requirement to feel secure and out of danger in Maslow's hierarchy?

Safety Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes belongingness needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

The need for connections with others Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Adler's theory addresses the influence of birth order?

Feelings of inferiority in relation to siblings Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the influence of unconscious factors on behavior and development.
Freud identified three personality structures: id (impulsive, pleasure-seeking), ego (realistic, mediator), and superego (moral conscience).
The id is entirely unconscious, while the ego and superego operate in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
Personality arises from conflict between internal desires and social restraints.
Defense mechanisms help the ego cope with this tension and protect itself from anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Carl Jung's Theory

Jung believed the mind contains a personal unconscious (Freud's concept) and a collective unconscious.
The collective unconscious is a shared store of inherited images called archetypes, representing universal human experiences.
Jung's concept of the self encompasses the personal unconscious, conscious mind, and collective unconscious.
Archetypes from the collective unconscious influence personality. For example, the shadow archetype represents the undesirable and shameful aspects of oneself.

Alfred Adler's Theory

Adler emphasized the impact of feelings of inferiority during childhood on personality development.
Children feel inferior to adults due to their physical size and to siblings based on their birth order.
Older children may overachieve to compensate for feeling inferior to younger siblings.

Humanistic Theories of Personality

Humanistic psychology focuses on human potential for self-actualization and personal growth.
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs proposes a hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.
The hierarchy suggests needs are met in a specific order, with lower needs having priority.
Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of self-concept, the individual's idea and feelings about themselves.
A positive self-concept arises when the ideal self aligns with actual experiences.
Rogers stressed the role of unconditional positive regard from others in fostering personal growth and self-actualization.

Trait Theories of Personality

Trait theories describe personality based on enduring personal characteristics (traits).
Traits are stable over time and encompass how a person thinks, feels, and acts.
The Big Five Theory identifies five personality dimensions: Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
Trait theory does not account for external influences or the reasons behind personality traits.
It has limitations in predicting specific behaviors due to situational factors.

Appraisal Theory of Stress

Appraisal theory asserts that the interpretation (appraisal) of a stimulus determines the emotional response.
Primary appraisal classifies a stimulus as threatening, positive, or irrelevant.
For threatening stimuli (stressors), secondary appraisal assesses the individual's resources for coping.

Types of Stressors

Stress involves the disruption of equilibrium by threatening or demanding stimuli.
Four main types of stressors:
- Daily hassles: common, everyday occurrences that are irritating but minor stressors.
- Personal life events: major life transitions that affect a few people significantly.
- Environmental stressors: large-scale, persistent irritations that affect many people.
- Catastrophes: major events that cause widespread impact.

Motivational Conflict Theory

Motivational conflict theory describes three types of inner conflict when making choices:
- Approach-approach conflict: choosing between two desirable options with incompatible outcomes.

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stress

Chronic stress can alter brain areas involved in behavior and emotion.
Stress-induced changes in the hippocampus impair learning.
Stress also affects the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, leading to increased anxiety.

Managing Stress

Relaxation, a state of reduced arousal and sympathetic activity, is effective for stress reduction.
Meditation, a practice of regulating attention and awareness, promotes relaxation and mental calmness.
Meditation techniques involve focusing on breathing, other sensory stimuli, or repeating a mantra.
Neuroimaging studies show meditation produces an altered state of consciousness, characterized by increased alpha brain waves.
Regular meditation yields benefits beyond the meditative state, including improved attention and emotional regulation.

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

The elaboration likelihood model describes two routes to persuasion:
- Peripheral route: uses superficial tactics to influence attitudes or behavior.
- Central route: involves careful consideration of the message's content to achieve attitude change.
The central route is effective when people are motivated and able to pay attention to the message, while the peripheral route works better when attention is low.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of Sigmund Freud's and Carl Jung's psychoanalytic theories in this quiz. Learn about the structures of personality, the unconscious mind, and Jung's idea of archetypes and the collective unconscious. Test your knowledge on these foundational psychological concepts.