Untitled Quiz

• Psychotherapy is a broad term encompassing clinical methods used by psychologists to change patient behaviors, cognitions, and emotions.
• Positive expectations from a patient can lead to better therapeutic outcomes through a self-fulfilling prophecy.
• A strong therapeutic alliance involves trust between the therapist and patient, fostering open communication.

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy

• Mental conditions arise from sexual conflict and clashes between the Id, Ego, and Superego.
• Childhood conflicts are seen as influential on adulthood.
• Defense mechanisms are used by the Ego to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and controlling the Id.
• Psychoanalysis focuses on the intrapersonal, while psychodynamic therapy addresses the interpersonal.
• Therapists offer interpretations of patients' emotions and behaviors in a more directive manner.
• The goal is to gain insights into the unconscious mind.
• Sigmund Freud is the founder of this therapy.
• Psychopathology stems from unresolved childhood conflicts or conflicts between the Id, Ego, & Superego.
• Free association involves patients verbalizing whatever comes to mind to reveal unconscious thoughts.
• Projective testing uses tools like the Rorschach test to interpret subconscious thoughts.
• Transference occurs when a patient redirects feelings from their past onto the therapist.
• Resistance involves patients avoiding emotional pain, hindering the therapeutic process.
• Interpretation involves therapists offering explanations of patient's behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.
• Brief psychodynamic therapy focuses on a main interpersonal problem with more therapist direction.

Adlerian Therapy

• Interpretation of self-worth and social status contributes to psychopathology.
• Therapists and patients are considered equals.
• The aim is to develop positive ways of belonging and gaining significance.
• Alfred Adler is the founder of this therapy.
• Psychopathology arises from striving for superiority in an unhealthy manner.
• Basic mistakes are thinking patterns that are exaggerated and unwarranted.
• Acting "As If" involves behaving differently, regardless of current feelings.
• The Push-Button Technique uses thoughts to control emotions.
• Catching Oneself helps patients recognize automatic habits that elicit certain feelings.

Person-Centered Therapy

• Human connection is considered key to therapeutic success, with acceptance of the ideal self.
• Therapists take a non-directive approach, using reflection as a sounding board.
• Clients are seen as driven towards growth and self-actualization.
• Carl Rogers is the founder of this therapy.
• Psychopathology arises from the discrepancy between the ideal self and the real self.
• Unconditional positive regard involves accepting a person regardless of their actions.
• Accurate empathy is active interest in understanding a person’s feelings and perspective.
• Genuineness, accurate empathy, and unconditional positive regard are necessary conditions.
• Reflection involves the therapist repeating back the patient's thoughts and emotions.

Existential Therapy

• Therapeutic relationships should be authentic and filled with connection with confrontational feedback.
• Psychopathology stems from low self-awareness, emotional avoidance, and existential anxiety.
• Normal anxiety worsens if avoided.
• Neurotic anxiety stems from inner insecurities or fears of losing control.
• Existential anxiety stems from awareness of the bigger questions of life.
• General approach involves finding meaning, recognizing personal freedom, and taking responsibility.
• Paradoxical intention involves behaving opposite to thoughts or feelings, similar to exposure therapy.
• Changing cognitive meaning involves altering the way you view things.

Gestalt Therapy

• Psychopathology stems from living in the past, worrying about the future, clinging to illusions, and failing to learn.
• One grows by being self-aware in the present moment.
• People are influenced by their environment.
• Fritz Perls is the founder of this therapy.

Specific Gestalt Therapy Techniques

• Suppressing emotion can manifest in body language.
• Unfinished Business from the past is explored in the present to inform future decisions.
• Dream Work allows for reappraisal of dreams and influencing future behaviors.
• The Empty-Chair Technique involves internal conversations between different paths or decisions.

Reality Therapy

• Focuses on taking responsibility for choices.
• William Glasser is the founder of this therapy.
• The premise is that there is no such thing as mental illness.
• Choice Theory posits that humans are internally motivated.

Total Behavior

• Consists of acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology.
• Quality World is one's world of wants.
• The 5 Basic Needs include survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun.
• In the automobile analogy, behavior is the sum of our behaviors.

The Automobile Analogy Explained

• The engine represents basic needs.
• The steering wheel symbolizes wants.
• Front two wheels represent behavior and thoughts, having direct control.
• Back two wheels represent emotions and bodily responses, having indirect control.

WDEP

• Wants: What do you want?
• Doing: What are you doing?
• Evaluation: Is it working?
• Planning: Should you make a new plan?

Behavior Therapy

• Arose as a reaction against the psychodynamic approach.

Cognitive Therapy

• Dissatisfaction with behavioral approach cognitive revolution, focuses on cognitions.

Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA)

• It is a formal assessment of behavior contingencies.
• A = antecedents.
• B = behavior.
• C = consequences.

Contingency Management Interventions

• Reinforcement and/or punishment is used to encourage or decrease a target response.
• Behavioral activation reinforces engaging in activities that improve mood.
• It works as well as Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, even at a 2-year follow-up.
• Daily Activity helps evaluate mood and mastery.
• Systematic Desensitization is imaginal exposure paired with PMR to condition relaxation.
• Exposure and Response Prevention involves facing fears without compulsions.
• Prolonged Exposure Therapy gradually approaches trauma-related memories.
• Interoceptive exposure activates the sympathetic nervous system.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

• Irrational beliefs cause psychopathology.
• ABCDEF involves:
  • A = activating event
  • B = belief about the event
  • C = consequent emotion/behavior
  • D = disputation of irrational belief
  • E = emotional effect of disputation
  • F = new feeling from rational beliefs.
• The 3 Main Irrational Beliefs are:
  • "I must do well or I am worthless."
  • "Others should treat me considerately and fairly."
  • "My conditions are too unfair or harsh."

Beckian Cognitive Therapy

• Negative or distorted beliefs were correlated with depression.
• Collaborative empiricism involves therapist and patient working together to investigate validity of thoughts.
• Cognitive distortions are faulty assumptions about self, others, and the world.
• Automatic Thoughts stem directly after the event and are influenced by intermediate beliefs.
• Intermediate Beliefs are rules stemming from core beliefs.
• Core Beliefs are cognitions that inform intermediate beliefs.
• The Cognitive Triad of Depression focuses on the future, world, and self.
• Socratic questioning helps people reexamine their beliefs.

Stress Inoculation Training

• Learning skills to face future stressors.
• Preparation Self-Statements are said before a stressful situation.
• Coping Self-Statements are said during a stressful situation.
• Self-Reinforcement is used after a stressful situation.