Psychoactive Drugs Quiz

LSD, psilocybin, Mescaline

MDMA/MDA

Salvia has a unique mechanism among hallucinogens

Phencyclidine (PCP), Ketamine, Nitrous oxide

Effects last from 35 to 40 minutes, typical oral dose is 175 mg; intranasal dose is 50 mg, PCP peaks in about 10 to 90 minutes

PCP blocks NMDA receptors and acts as reinforcers.

Amnesia, schizophrenic behavior, coma, relaxation, warmth, numbness, euphoric feeling, distortions in body image, floating in space, mild depression (24 hrs to a week), mood changes.

Stimulus properties include animals trained to discriminate PCP and ketamine do not generalize this response to any other class of drugs (only those that block NMDA like dextromethorphan), tolerance develops when used everyday, and withdrawal symptoms include vocalizations, grinding of the teeth, diarrhea, difficulty staying awake, anxiety, confusion, tremors.

PCP is self-administered by nonhuman animals, has reinforcing effects, and self-administration in humans has fairly low rates. Patterns of PCP use are similar to LSD, but unlike LSD, some occasional users may become chronic users. It is popular in metropolitan areas but not very popular elsewhere. Ketamine seems to be more prevalent among high school students and in the club scene.

Large doses of PCP can cause disorientation, agitation, hyperactivity, and potentially long-lasting psychotic behavior (schizophrenic symptoms).

When ketamine is mixed with alcohol or barbiturates, it can lead to coma, convulsions, respiratory arrest, brain hemorrhage, and kidney failure. It can be possibly lethal due to potentiated effects in combination with such depressants.

Dextromethorphan binds with low affinity to the NMDA receptor complex and has pharmacological properties similar to the dissociative anesthetics and alcohol.

hallucinogenic, phantasticant, and perpetual effects

keener perceptions, acute sight and sound

impaired problem-solving

develops rapidly and dissipates within a week

acute psychotic reactions and flashbacks

Merck drug company; reclassified in 1985

increased sex drive, wakefulness, and euphoria

affects neurotransmitter release and reuptake

similar to marijuana or low doses of PCP without hallucinations

perceived risk

kappa-opioid and D2 DA receptors; intense hallucinations and dissociative effects

PCP: crystal, angel dust, hob; ketamine: K, Special K, kitkat

Psilocybin

Salvia

Mescaline

Nitrous oxide

175 mg

35-40 minutes

Vocalizations, grinding of the teeth, diarrhea

Disorientation, agitation, hyperactivity

Respiratory arrest, brain hemorrhage, kidney failure

Decrease in locomotor activity, memory impairment

Euphoria, tactile and visual hallucinations

25 X

3-5 hours

Keener perceptions

K

Hallucinogenic, phantasticant, and perpetual effects

It affects neurotransmitter release and reuptake

Affects kappa-opioid and D2 DA receptors

Crystal, angel dust, and hob

Reclassified in 1985

Marijuana or low doses of PCP without hallucinations

Orally, inhaled, or injected

Increased body temperature

Readily self-administered by primates

LSD, psilocybin, Mescaline

Phencyclidine (PCP), Ketamine, Nitrous oxide

LSD: Hits 1970s, 100 micrograms Gel tab, Microdots (candies, sm pills); Mescaline: dried peyote cactus. Usually taken orally, effects begin between 30-90 min.

MDMA/MDA

LSD causes increased body temperature

Increased sex drive, wakefulness, and euphoria

Ketamine can be administered orally, inhaled, or injected

Hallucinogenic, phantasticant, and perpetual effects

MDMA affects neurotransmitter release and reuptake

Salvia affects kappa-opioid and D2 DA receptors

PCP: crystal, angel dust, hob; Ketamine: K, Special K, kitkat

Depletion in serotonin and various harmful effects

Keener perceptions, acute sight and sound, and impaired problem-solving

Ketamine can be lethal when mixed with alcohol or barbiturates

Hallucinations, analgesia, and feelings of dissociation

Intoxication, sensory disturbances, and disorientation

The effects of PCP when used intranasally include relaxation, warmth, numbness, euphoric feeling, distortions in body image, floating in space, mild depression, and mood changes.

Large doses of PCP can cause disorientation, agitation, hyperactivity, potentially long-lasting psychotic behavior (schizophrenic symptoms), and can slow the growth of the fetus, precipitate labor, and cause fetal disease.

PCP blocks NMDA receptors and acts as reinforcers.

Properties of PCP include its stimulus properties, tolerance develops with everyday use, and withdrawal symptoms may include vocalizations, grinding of the teeth, diarrhea, difficulty staying awake, anxiety, confusion, and tremors.

The typical oral dose of PCP is 175 mg, and the intranasal dose is 50 mg.

When mixed with alcohol or barbiturates, ketamine can potentially cause lethal effects such as coma, convulsions, respiratory arrest, brain hemorrhage, and kidney failure.

High doses of dextromethorphan in humans can cause ataxia, dizziness, euphoria, tactile and visual hallucinations.

PCP is self-administered by nonhuman animals and has reinforcing effects. In humans, self-administration rates are fairly low, and the patterns of PCP use are similar to LSD, with occasional users potentially becoming chronic users.