Podcast
Questions and Answers
Defence mechanisms are conscious processes that individuals use deliberately to manage their motives.
Defence mechanisms are conscious processes that individuals use deliberately to manage their motives.
False
Freud's study of defence mechanisms was based on slips of the tongue and memory lapses.
Freud's study of defence mechanisms was based on slips of the tongue and memory lapses.
True
The concept of defence mechanisms has been successfully applied to explain the aetiology of all mental disorders.
The concept of defence mechanisms has been successfully applied to explain the aetiology of all mental disorders.
False
Lack of a confidant is considered a vulnerability factor in response to stress.
Lack of a confidant is considered a vulnerability factor in response to stress.
Signup and view all the answers
Previous experiences, such as losing a parent in childhood, can decrease a person's vulnerability to stress in adulthood.
Previous experiences, such as losing a parent in childhood, can decrease a person's vulnerability to stress in adulthood.
Signup and view all the answers
It is straightforward to examine the remote associations between past experiences and current stress scientifically.
It is straightforward to examine the remote associations between past experiences and current stress scientifically.
Signup and view all the answers
The classification of reactions to stressful experiences includes PTSD and acute stress reactions.
The classification of reactions to stressful experiences includes PTSD and acute stress reactions.
Signup and view all the answers
Coping strategies and defense mechanisms share the same origin and are discussed together in the chapter.
Coping strategies and defense mechanisms share the same origin and are discussed together in the chapter.
Signup and view all the answers
The process of 'working through' refers to the conscious processing of emotional difficulties.
The process of 'working through' refers to the conscious processing of emotional difficulties.
Signup and view all the answers
Adjustment reactions include both adjustment to bereavement and adjustment to terminal illness.
Adjustment reactions include both adjustment to bereavement and adjustment to terminal illness.
Signup and view all the answers
Somatic accompaniments are not part of the emotional response to stressful events.
Somatic accompaniments are not part of the emotional response to stressful events.
Signup and view all the answers
Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered a mild emotional reaction to a stressful event.
Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered a mild emotional reaction to a stressful event.
Signup and view all the answers
Adjustment disorders are simpler and less serious compared to PTSD.
Adjustment disorders are simpler and less serious compared to PTSD.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals experiencing severe stress do not utilize coping strategies.
Individuals experiencing severe stress do not utilize coping strategies.
Signup and view all the answers
Anxiety responses are primarily associated with events that involve separation or loss.
Anxiety responses are primarily associated with events that involve separation or loss.
Signup and view all the answers
Depressive responses include pessimistic thinking and increased muscle tension.
Depressive responses include pessimistic thinking and increased muscle tension.
Signup and view all the answers
Coping strategies are derived from research in anthropology.
Coping strategies are derived from research in anthropology.
Signup and view all the answers
Problem-solving strategies aim to alleviate emotional responses to stressors.
Problem-solving strategies aim to alleviate emotional responses to stressors.
Signup and view all the answers
Avoidance of the problem can sometimes lead to improved long-term outcomes.
Avoidance of the problem can sometimes lead to improved long-term outcomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Maladaptive coping strategies are effective in the long term for managing stress.
Maladaptive coping strategies are effective in the long term for managing stress.
Signup and view all the answers
Aggressive behavior can provide immediate relief but may damage relationships long-term.
Aggressive behavior can provide immediate relief but may damage relationships long-term.
Signup and view all the answers
Emotion-reducing strategies include evaluation of the problem and positive reappraisal.
Emotion-reducing strategies include evaluation of the problem and positive reappraisal.
Signup and view all the answers
Coping styles involve using specific coping mechanisms repeatedly across different situations.
Coping styles involve using specific coping mechanisms repeatedly across different situations.
Signup and view all the answers
Positive reappraisal of a situation recognizes only its negative outcomes.
Positive reappraisal of a situation recognizes only its negative outcomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Repression is the conscious acknowledgment of painful memories from the past.
Repression is the conscious acknowledgment of painful memories from the past.
Signup and view all the answers
Denial can be both adaptive and maladaptive depending on the situation.
Denial can be both adaptive and maladaptive depending on the situation.
Signup and view all the answers
Displacement involves directing emotions towards the appropriate source of those feelings.
Displacement involves directing emotions towards the appropriate source of those feelings.
Signup and view all the answers
Projection allows individuals to accept their own feelings by attributing them to others.
Projection allows individuals to accept their own feelings by attributing them to others.
Signup and view all the answers
Regression can be adaptive in the early stages of illness by promoting dependency.
Regression can be adaptive in the early stages of illness by promoting dependency.
Signup and view all the answers
Reaction formation involves expressing emotions that are in line with one's true feelings.
Reaction formation involves expressing emotions that are in line with one's true feelings.
Signup and view all the answers
Rationalization provides a false but acceptable explanation for behavior stemming from unacceptable origins.
Rationalization provides a false but acceptable explanation for behavior stemming from unacceptable origins.
Signup and view all the answers
Sublimation redirects unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
Sublimation redirects unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
Signup and view all the answers
Identification is the rejection of characteristics of another person.
Identification is the rejection of characteristics of another person.
Signup and view all the answers
Defence mechanisms were first described by Carl Jung.
Defence mechanisms were first described by Carl Jung.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Stress and Psychiatric Disorders
- Stressful events can trigger psychiatric disorders or emotional reactions that may not meet diagnostic criteria for anxiety or mood disorders.
- The chapter covers less severe reactions alongside post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which involves intense and prolonged responses to stress.
Components of Response to Stressful Events
- The response consists of:
- An emotional response accompanied by somatic symptoms.
- A coping strategy employed by individuals.
- A defense mechanism that operates unconsciously.
- "Working through" stress refers to processing emotions through reflection and re-evaluation.
Emotional and Somatic Responses
- Anxiety responses include:
- Autonomic arousal leading to symptoms such as tachycardia, irritability, and muscle tension.
- Depressive responses manifest as pessimistic thoughts and reduced physical activity.
- These responses are similar to symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorders but are typically less intense.
Coping Strategies
- Serve to mitigate the effects of stress, allowing individuals to maintain performance.
- Two types of coping strategies:
- Problem-solving strategies (e.g., obtaining advice, implementing plans).
- Emotion-reducing strategies (e.g., venting emotions, evaluating the situation).
Maladaptive Coping Strategies
- Provide short-term emotional relief but can worsen long-term effects:
- Use of substances (alcohol or drugs) to escape stress.
- Deliberate self-harm for relief through pain.
- Unrestrained emotional expression might damage personal relationships.
- Aggressive behaviors can provide immediate release but may harm relationships.
Coping Styles
- Refers to the consistent use of certain coping mechanisms across various situations.
- Some individuals employ flexible strategies, adapting to circumstances.
Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious processes that alter how individuals respond to stress and anxiety.
- Originated with Sigmund Freud, extending to daily behaviors under stress.
- Key defense mechanisms include:
- Repression: Blocking distressing memories or impulses from consciousness.
- Denial: Ignoring the reality of distressing situations, with potential adaptive or maladaptive outcomes.
- Displacement: Redirecting emotions from the source to another target.
- Projection: Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
- Regression: Reverting to behaviors appropriate to an earlier developmental stage.
- Reaction Formation: Engaging in behaviors opposite to true feelings.
- Rationalization: Providing false explanations for behaviors with less acceptable origins.
- Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions.
- Identification: Adopting qualities or behaviors of others, often to cope with loss or separation.
Vulnerability Factors
- Current circumstances and past experiences influence responses to stress.
- Lack of support systems (e.g., confidants) increases vulnerability to stress.
Conclusion
- Understanding the interplay between stress responses and coping mechanisms is crucial for effective emotional processing and potentially mitigating mental health issues.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the emotional and psychological responses to stressful events as discussed in the relevant chapter. It highlights conditions like PTSD and lesser severe reactions, referencing both ICD-10 and DSM-5 classifications. Gain a deeper understanding of psychiatric disorders related to stress responses.
