Psych Disorders Part 1
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of Americans will experience some form of mental disorder in their lifetime?

  • 25%
  • 10%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 75%

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion for defining mental illness?

  • Social deviation
  • Statistical anomaly
  • Cultural acceptance (correct)
  • Impairment

    • What was a common 'treatment' method used for psychopathology in the 1700s?

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  • Bloodletting (correct)
  • Medication
  • Psychotherapy

    • Why are people with mental illnesses considered more likely to be victims?

    <p>They are stigmatized and vulnerable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the belief that certain mental illnesses were caused by demon possession in historical views?

    <p>Supernatural explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these disorders falls under anxiety disorders according to the classification provided?

    <p>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a misconception about people with mental illnesses?

    <p>They are always dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a significant indicator of mental illness that is subjective in nature?

    <p>Significant distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of the DSM regarding its diagnostic approach?

    <p>It employs an outdated categorical approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

    <p>A complex interplay of biological, social, and psychological influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do major depressive episodes typically last?

    <p>6 months to 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with Bipolar Disorder?

    <p>Lingering depressed mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of the self-sustaining cycle in depression?

    <p>Difficulty engaging in helpful activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is affected by mood disorders?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the DSM evolve over time?

    <p>It adapts as viewpoints on disorders change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive feature of Bipolar Disorder compared to Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>Manic episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the definition of mental illness in relation to common distress?

    <p>Distress becomes a mental illness only if it persists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impairment aspect of mental illness?

    <p>Different individuals may experience varying levels of impairment from the same issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Diathesis-Stress Model, what typically contributes to the development of psychological disorders?

    <p>Stressful circumstances often trigger disorders in those with biological vulnerabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of the DSM?

    <p>To provide information on observable symptoms of disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to diagnosis does not allow for differences in the severity of a disorder?

    <p>Categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT typically included in the information provided by the DSM?

    <p>Individual's personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines dysfunction in relation to mental illness?

    <p>Interference with daily functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly reflects the interaction of biological and social factors in mental health?

    <p>Both biological and social factors interact to influence mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range of heritability is suggested by twin studies in relation to bipolar disorder?

    <p>60-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about individuals experiencing mania in bipolar disorder?

    <p>They often feel great and do not need medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment risk is associated with misdiagnosing bipolar disorder as depression?

    <p>Triggering manic episodes by antidepressants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the prevalence of anxiety disorders?

    <p>30% of individuals are affected by anxiety disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of time do individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) typically spend worrying?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of panic disorder?

    <p>Recurrent panic attacks and fear of future attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What core aspect defines phobias?

    <p>An intense fear greatly out of proportion to the actual threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a trigger for the development of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

    <p>A significant traumatic event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phobia is characterized by a fear of the ocean or deep, open water?

    <p>Thalassophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes phobias from regular fears?

    <p>Phobias involve a more intense fear response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an obsession associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Intrusive thoughts about contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common compulsion experienced by individuals with OCD?

    <p>Repeatedly checking locks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is true?

    <p>Exposure to a traumatic event is a defining feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does observational learning play in the development of fears?

    <p>Fears can be transmitted by observing others' reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents a 'prepared fear' according to biological influences on anxiety disorders?

    <p>Fear of snakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is most likely to be driven by compulsion in OCD?

    <p>Washing hands multiple times before eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psych Disorders Part 1

    • Learning outcomes include defining psychopathology/mental illness, discussing the history of diagnosing mental illnesses, characterizing mood disorders (Major Depression, Bipolar), and characterizing anxiety disorders (GAD, Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PTSD).
    • One in four Americans over 18 has a diagnosable disorder in a given year.
    • Nearly 50% of Americans will have some form of mental disorder at some point in their life.
    • Depressive disorder, ADHD, anxiety, and substance-related or addiction-related disorders are among the most common.
    • Only 7% of U.S. adults are severely mentally ill.

    Psychopathology Statistics

    • People often believe the mentally ill are dangerous, but people with mental illnesses are 10x more likely to be victims than perpetrators.
    • Mental illnesses are often misunderstood.
    • Media portrayals can promote stigmas and stereotypes.

    The History of Psychological Disorders

    • Early views of mental illness often linked it with demonic possession or evil spirits.
    • Treatments included exorcism, bloodletting, and potions.
    • In the 1700s, mental institutions (asylums) were used; however, conditions were often harsh (starvation, beatings, isolation).
    • Currently, mental illness is viewed as a health problem requiring treatment.

    Psychopathology

    • Psychopathology is a mental illness.
    • Defining mental illness criteria include: abnormality, social deviance, significant subjective distress, and impairment.

    Defining Mental Illness

    • Abnormality: Statistical rarity, but not all statistically rare traits are disorders (e.g., intelligence).
    • Social deviance: Deviating from expected norms, but not all socially deviant behaviors are disorders (e.g., "female hysteria," Drapetomania).
    • Significant, subjective distress: Distress from a condition, but not all disorders cause distress.
    • Impairment: Interference with everyday functioning; a problem may not impair everyone (e.g., fear of heights versus the ocean).

    Biopsychosocial Model

    • Mental illnesses result from a complex interplay of biological, social, and psychological factors.
    • These include genetic predisposition, health, family life, social relationships, self-esteem, and coping skills.

    Diathesis-Stress Model

    • Disorders often develop when an underlying biological vulnerability is combined with a stressful life circumstance.
    • The more stressful a person's life is, the more likely they are to develop a psychological disorder.

    Disorder Categories

    • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) categorizes mental illness.
    • The DSM is frequently updated, and classifying illnesses is not easy.
    • Disorders involve observable symptoms. The DSM provides information including:
      • Typical age of onset.
      • Predisposing factors.
      • Course of the disorder.
      • Prevalence among the affected population.
      • Sex ratio.
      • Cultural issues impacting diagnosis.
      • Symptoms.

    DSM Approaches

    • Two main diagnostic approaches are categorical and dimensional.
    • Categorical diagnosis either classifies a person as having a disorder or not.
    • Dimensional approach views disorders on a continuum. Symptoms can be present regardless of diagnosis, with severity determining impact.

    Criticisms and Support for DSM

    • DSM is not without criticism; some argue it uses an outdated categorical approach, promotes overdiagnosis, has high comorbidities that might indicate inaccurate diagnoses, and may be influenced by the time period and prejudice.
    • DSM supporters state it can be a reliable and useful tool for diagnosis if used correctly and empirically validated.
    • Viewpoints on disorders constantly change; as these viewpoints evolve, DSM adjustments are made accordingly, including new diagnoses and updating existing diagnoses.

    Disclaimer

    • The DSM includes more disorders than are discussed in the course.
    • These are often nuanced—not just a summary.

    Mood Disorders

    • Mood disorders involve long-lasting, subtle moods.
    • Mood disorders appear when long-lasting and normally subtle moods are disrupted.
    • Mood disorders affect about 20% of the population. Examples include Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder.

    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    • Defined as chronic or recurrent Major Depressive Episodes.
    • Major Depressive Episodes involve lingering depressed mood and/or diminished interest in pleasurable activities(anhedonia), and symptoms like weight changes and sleep difficulties.
    • Episodes typically last 6-12 months.
    • People typically experience 5-6 episodes in a lifetime.
    • Affects about 16% of Americans.
    • 2x more common in women.
    • Most common in 30s.
    • Earlier onset associated with greater recurrence.
    • Complex biological, psychological, and social interplay may be involved.
    • Self-sustaining cycle; activities that help with depression become difficult to perform.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Defined as a mood disorder with a history of at least one manic episode—a period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
    • Possible symptoms include: less need of sleep, inflated self-esteem, grandiose plans/ideas, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities.
    • Characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.
    • Depression usually precedes or follows manic episodes, although not always.
    • Equally common in men and women.
    • Bipolar disorder is significantly more difficult to treat than depression/MDD.
    • Often mistaken as simple depression, and antidepressants may trigger mania, making treatment challenging and requiring careful consideration/patient management.
    • Manic periods can be dramatically characterized as "Why do I need meds? I'm GREAT!" whilst depressive periods can be more subtly expressed as "Why bother?"

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Anxiety is normal, and often adaptive.
    • Anxiety disorders appear when anxiety becomes excessive and harmful.
    • Affects about 30% of the population. Includes GAD, Panic Disorder, Phobias, OCD, PTSD.

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability.
    • People with GAD spend significantly more time worrying than the average person.
    • Often develops after a stressful event.
    • Prone to substance abuse and "self-medication."
    • Often the core of other anxiety disorders.

    Panic Disorder

    • Repeated panic attacks along with persistent concerns about future attacks or changes in personal behavior.
    • Panic attacks involve intense bouts of fear, sweating, dizziness, and racing heartbeats—potential feelings of unreality and impending death.
    • Can occur alongside other disorders or even by themselves.
    • Affects about 20-25% of college students.

    Phobias

    • Intense fear of an object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual threat.
    • Can relate to animals, objects, or situations (e.g., fear of snakes, spiders, or heights).
    • Often relate to specific environments such as fear of public spaces or enclosed spaces (e.g. agoraphobia).

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • Recurrent and persistent distress-causing thoughts, feelings, or impulses (obsessions).
    • Intrusive thoughts (e.g., about contamination, sex, violence).
    • Repetitive actions (compulsions) performed to reduce stress but are often driven by obsessions.
    • Common compulsions include repeatedly checking things, performing tasks in specific ways, washing repeatedly, and counting.
    • Can involve a significant amount of time spent (e.g., over an hour daily) immersed in obsessions, making it a debilitating and often misunderstood condition.

    Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • Defining feature: exposure to a traumatic event with intense fear, horror, or helplessness.
    • Re-experiencing trauma through distressing recollections, intrusive dreams, feelings of reliving trauma, intense distress/physiological arousal when exposed to reminders (even if not identical).
    • Can occur even if reminders are not exact copies of the original stressor. PTSD has significant health implications for those affected.

    Explanations for Anxiety Disorders

    • Learning theories: anxiety responses are learned via conditioning, including arising from unpredictable/uncontrollable negative events, stimulus generalization, and reinforcement-leaving situations to reduce anxiety (negative reinforcement). Other learning models include observational learning (e.g., fears acquired by watching others).
    • Biological influences: prepared fears are easier to acquire because they're adaptive; genetic predispositions contribute to anxiety. (e.g., twin studies show certain genetic components impact anxiety disorders, and high neuroticism is associated with higher rates of anxiety).

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    Psych Disorders Part 1 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of psychopathology in this quiz covering mental illness definitions, the history of diagnoses, and an overview of mood and anxiety disorders. Understand the prevalence and common misconceptions surrounding mental health in the U.S. while examining significant statistics related to psychological disorders.

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