30 Questions
Which approach is used to classify mental disorders according to the text?
Observation of clinical symptoms
Who introduced antipsychotics in the 1960s?
Kraepelin
What did the DSM-III task force consist of?
'Fringe' psychiatrists
Which concept describes mental disorders as analogues of physical diseases?
Neo-Kraepelinian
According to the additional reading, what do cultures have in relation to mental distress expression?
'Symptom repertoires'
What sparked and shaped mental illnesses according to the additional reading?
'Ethos of particular times and places'
Which neurotransmitter is considered the primary excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
What is the main function of neuromodulators like dopamine and serotonin?
Regulation of neurotransmitter release
Where does brain activity primarily occur?
Gray matter
Which structure inside the cortex is responsible for emotional processing and memory formation?
Hippocampus
What is the main function of the cerebellum in the brain?
Coordinating movement and balance
Which part of the brain is NOT considered a subcortical structure?
Cerebral cortex
What term is used to describe the genetic coding of an individual?
Genotype
Which type of polymorphism involves alleles differing by a single nucleotide?
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
What is the range within which heritability of traits can be accounted for by genetic influences?
0 to 100
Which study focuses on the effects of variation in the entire genome and often requires very large samples?
Genome-wide association study (GWAS)
What type of environment is unique to each person and influences gene expression?
Nonshared environment
Which chemical markers control whether DNA can be read for genes to be expressed?
Methyl tags and histones
Which field experienced a shift in prominence after WWII due to the need for psychological treatment of veterans?
Clinical psychology
Who was known for criticizing the medicalization of psychiatry and the labeling of individuals as mentally ill?
Thomas Szasz
What was a major promise associated with the development of DSM-III?
Scientific basis and less focus on ideology
Which movement was critical of the idea of labeling individuals as mentally ill?
Antipsychiatry movement
What did insurers begin to require in order to pay for psychotherapy during the 1960s-1970s?
Clear diagnoses and evidence of treatment effectiveness
Which profession faced anticompetitive ruling in 1980 regarding billing practices through psychiatrists?
Psychologists
What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
The parasympathetic division controls pupil dilation and skin conductance, while the sympathetic division affects heart rate variability.
In the context of neuroscience, what is the HPA axis primarily related to?
Controlling the body's stress response through hormone release.
Which technique is commonly used to measure autonomic nervous system activity?
Assessment of heart rate variability.
What is the main focus of behavioral activation for depression?
Enhancing positive reinforcement through pleasant activity scheduling.
Which part of the brain is central to the body's stress response?
Hypothalamus.
What type of behavior modification involves gradually reinforcing behavior closer and closer to the desired outcome?
Shaping.
Explore how the prevalence and definition of mental illness can differ across cultures, along with examples. Delve into the concept of heritability in psychopathology and how genetic influences play a role in behavioral variability and disorder presence. Consider cultural differences and genetic factors when studying psychopathology.
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