Cross-Cultural Variations in Mental Illness and Genetic Influences in Psychopathology
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Questions and Answers

Which approach is used to classify mental disorders according to the text?

  • Psychotherapy
  • Observation of clinical symptoms (correct)
  • Empirical research
  • Causal theories
  • Who introduced antipsychotics in the 1960s?

  • Feighner
  • Kraepelin (correct)
  • Spitzer
  • Freud
  • What did the DSM-III task force consist of?

  • 'Cognitive' therapists
  • 'Fringe' psychiatrists (correct)
  • 'Mainstream' psychiatrists
  • 'Behavioral' psychologists
  • Which concept describes mental disorders as analogues of physical diseases?

    <p>Neo-Kraepelinian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the additional reading, what do cultures have in relation to mental distress expression?

    <p>'Symptom repertoires'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sparked and shaped mental illnesses according to the additional reading?

    <p>'Ethos of particular times and places'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is considered the primary excitatory neurotransmitter?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neuromodulators like dopamine and serotonin?

    <p>Regulation of neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does brain activity primarily occur?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure inside the cortex is responsible for emotional processing and memory formation?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cerebellum in the brain?

    <p>Coordinating movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is NOT considered a subcortical structure?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the genetic coding of an individual?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polymorphism involves alleles differing by a single nucleotide?

    <p>Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range within which heritability of traits can be accounted for by genetic influences?

    <p>0 to 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study focuses on the effects of variation in the entire genome and often requires very large samples?

    <p>Genome-wide association study (GWAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment is unique to each person and influences gene expression?

    <p>Nonshared environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical markers control whether DNA can be read for genes to be expressed?

    <p>Methyl tags and histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field experienced a shift in prominence after WWII due to the need for psychological treatment of veterans?

    <p>Clinical psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known for criticizing the medicalization of psychiatry and the labeling of individuals as mentally ill?

    <p>Thomas Szasz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major promise associated with the development of DSM-III?

    <p>Scientific basis and less focus on ideology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement was critical of the idea of labeling individuals as mentally ill?

    <p>Antipsychiatry movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did insurers begin to require in order to pay for psychotherapy during the 1960s-1970s?

    <p>Clear diagnoses and evidence of treatment effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which profession faced anticompetitive ruling in 1980 regarding billing practices through psychiatrists?

    <p>Psychologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>The parasympathetic division controls pupil dilation and skin conductance, while the sympathetic division affects heart rate variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neuroscience, what is the HPA axis primarily related to?

    <p>Controlling the body's stress response through hormone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is commonly used to measure autonomic nervous system activity?

    <p>Assessment of heart rate variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of behavioral activation for depression?

    <p>Enhancing positive reinforcement through pleasant activity scheduling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is central to the body's stress response?

    <p>Hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior modification involves gradually reinforcing behavior closer and closer to the desired outcome?

    <p>Shaping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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