Cross-Cultural Variations in Mental Illness and Genetic Influences in Psychopathology
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Questions and Answers

Which approach is used to classify mental disorders according to the text?

  • Psychotherapy
  • Observation of clinical symptoms (correct)
  • Empirical research
  • Causal theories

Who introduced antipsychotics in the 1960s?

  • Feighner
  • Kraepelin (correct)
  • Spitzer
  • Freud

What did the DSM-III task force consist of?

  • 'Cognitive' therapists
  • 'Fringe' psychiatrists (correct)
  • 'Mainstream' psychiatrists
  • 'Behavioral' psychologists

Which concept describes mental disorders as analogues of physical diseases?

<p>Neo-Kraepelinian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the additional reading, what do cultures have in relation to mental distress expression?

<p>'Symptom repertoires' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sparked and shaped mental illnesses according to the additional reading?

<p>'Ethos of particular times and places' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is considered the primary excitatory neurotransmitter?

<p>Glutamate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of neuromodulators like dopamine and serotonin?

<p>Regulation of neurotransmitter release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does brain activity primarily occur?

<p>Gray matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure inside the cortex is responsible for emotional processing and memory formation?

<p>Hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebellum in the brain?

<p>Coordinating movement and balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is NOT considered a subcortical structure?

<p>Cerebral cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the genetic coding of an individual?

<p>Genotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polymorphism involves alleles differing by a single nucleotide?

<p>Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range within which heritability of traits can be accounted for by genetic influences?

<p>0 to 100 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study focuses on the effects of variation in the entire genome and often requires very large samples?

<p>Genome-wide association study (GWAS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment is unique to each person and influences gene expression?

<p>Nonshared environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical markers control whether DNA can be read for genes to be expressed?

<p>Methyl tags and histones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field experienced a shift in prominence after WWII due to the need for psychological treatment of veterans?

<p>Clinical psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was known for criticizing the medicalization of psychiatry and the labeling of individuals as mentally ill?

<p>Thomas Szasz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major promise associated with the development of DSM-III?

<p>Scientific basis and less focus on ideology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement was critical of the idea of labeling individuals as mentally ill?

<p>Antipsychiatry movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did insurers begin to require in order to pay for psychotherapy during the 1960s-1970s?

<p>Clear diagnoses and evidence of treatment effectiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which profession faced anticompetitive ruling in 1980 regarding billing practices through psychiatrists?

<p>Psychologists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>The parasympathetic division controls pupil dilation and skin conductance, while the sympathetic division affects heart rate variability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neuroscience, what is the HPA axis primarily related to?

<p>Controlling the body's stress response through hormone release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is commonly used to measure autonomic nervous system activity?

<p>Assessment of heart rate variability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of behavioral activation for depression?

<p>Enhancing positive reinforcement through pleasant activity scheduling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is central to the body's stress response?

<p>Hypothalamus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior modification involves gradually reinforcing behavior closer and closer to the desired outcome?

<p>Shaping. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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