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Questions and Answers
What are the three domains of development mentioned in the text?
What are the three domains of development mentioned in the text?
How are age grades defined according to the text?
How are age grades defined according to the text?
What does the social clock refer to in the context of development?
What does the social clock refer to in the context of development?
How do different societies vary in terms of age norms?
How do different societies vary in terms of age norms?
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Which developmental domain is described as focusing on emotions, social interactions, and personality?
Which developmental domain is described as focusing on emotions, social interactions, and personality?
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What is the significance of physical development according to the text?
What is the significance of physical development according to the text?
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What is the main difference between nature and nurture in an individual's development?
What is the main difference between nature and nurture in an individual's development?
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According to Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism, what influences an individual's behavior?
According to Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism, what influences an individual's behavior?
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In Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, what does constructivism refer to?
In Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, what does constructivism refer to?
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How does Vygotsky's socio-cultural perspective differ from Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
How does Vygotsky's socio-cultural perspective differ from Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
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According to Bronfenbrenner's model, what does the mesosystem consist of?
According to Bronfenbrenner's model, what does the mesosystem consist of?
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How does Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory differ from Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
How does Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory differ from Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
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Study Notes
What is Development?
- Development refers to the systematic changes and continuities in an individual from conception to death, encompassing physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects.
- These changes are not random, but rather follow a pattern that can be observed across humans.
Domains of Development
- Physical Development: Refers to the development of the brain and other physical aspects, which is critical in understanding other developments.
- Cognitive Development: Deals with what goes on in the mind, including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Psychosocial Development: Encompasses emotions, feelings, social interactions, and personality, which are influenced by the brain and nervous system.
Age Grades
- Age grades are socially defined and do not involve any biological changes.
- Each age grade has different age norms, statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities, which vary among societies.
- Age norms affect our social clock, shaping our expectations and behavior.
Recurring Themes and Questions
- Nature vs. Nurture: The debate between the role of genetics (maturation) and environment (learning) in shaping development.
- Maturation: The unfolding of the genetic program, which is the biological program of an individual.
- Learning: A permanent or long-lasting change in behavior that occurs due to experience.
- Reciprocal Determinism: The concept that multiple factors, including psychological tendencies, biological self, and social environment, interact to form a behavior.
Cognitive Development Theory
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John Piaget:
- Studied stages of development.
- Proposed Constructivism: People build their own intelligence and understanding of the world through experiences and interactions.
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Vygotsky:
- Took a socio-cultural perspective, emphasizing the role of culture and social influences in cognitive development.
- Development differs depending on cultural and social factors.
System Theories
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Bronfenbrenner:
- Proposed a model with multiple layers, including the:
- Microsystem: The person and their direct environment (e.g., day care, home, peer group).
- Mesosystem: The interactions among different microsystems, which can affect behavior.
- Exosystem: The environment that is a step removed from the individual, including the community and societal factors.
- Proposed a model with multiple layers, including the:
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Description
Learn about the systematic changes and continuities in individuals from conception to death, focusing on the three domains of development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. Explore the critical aspects of physical development and its role in understanding other developmental processes.
