12 Questions
What are the three domains of development mentioned in the text?
Physical, cognitive, psychosocial
How are age grades defined according to the text?
By social norms and expectations based on age
What does the social clock refer to in the context of development?
A set of expectations about where an individual should be at a certain age
How do different societies vary in terms of age norms?
They have different expectations and standards
Which developmental domain is described as focusing on emotions, social interactions, and personality?
Psychosocial
What is the significance of physical development according to the text?
It provides a foundation for understanding other forms of development
What is the main difference between nature and nurture in an individual's development?
Nature is the unfolding of the genetic program, while nurture involves permanent changes in behavior due to experience.
According to Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism, what influences an individual's behavior?
Multiple factors interacting together
In Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, what does constructivism refer to?
Children constructing their own intelligence and understanding
How does Vygotsky's socio-cultural perspective differ from Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
Vygotsky emphasizes that cognitive development depends on social and cultural factors, unlike Piaget.
According to Bronfenbrenner's model, what does the mesosystem consist of?
Interaction among different microsystems
How does Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory differ from Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
Piaget studies stages of development, while Bronfenbrenner focuses on the person-environment interaction.
Study Notes
What is Development?
- Development refers to the systematic changes and continuities in an individual from conception to death, encompassing physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects.
- These changes are not random, but rather follow a pattern that can be observed across humans.
Domains of Development
- Physical Development: Refers to the development of the brain and other physical aspects, which is critical in understanding other developments.
- Cognitive Development: Deals with what goes on in the mind, including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Psychosocial Development: Encompasses emotions, feelings, social interactions, and personality, which are influenced by the brain and nervous system.
Age Grades
- Age grades are socially defined and do not involve any biological changes.
- Each age grade has different age norms, statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities, which vary among societies.
- Age norms affect our social clock, shaping our expectations and behavior.
Recurring Themes and Questions
- Nature vs. Nurture: The debate between the role of genetics (maturation) and environment (learning) in shaping development.
- Maturation: The unfolding of the genetic program, which is the biological program of an individual.
- Learning: A permanent or long-lasting change in behavior that occurs due to experience.
- Reciprocal Determinism: The concept that multiple factors, including psychological tendencies, biological self, and social environment, interact to form a behavior.
Cognitive Development Theory
-
John Piaget:
- Studied stages of development.
- Proposed Constructivism: People build their own intelligence and understanding of the world through experiences and interactions.
-
Vygotsky:
- Took a socio-cultural perspective, emphasizing the role of culture and social influences in cognitive development.
- Development differs depending on cultural and social factors.
System Theories
-
Bronfenbrenner:
- Proposed a model with multiple layers, including the:
- Microsystem: The person and their direct environment (e.g., day care, home, peer group).
- Mesosystem: The interactions among different microsystems, which can affect behavior.
- Exosystem: The environment that is a step removed from the individual, including the community and societal factors.
- Proposed a model with multiple layers, including the:
Learn about the systematic changes and continuities in individuals from conception to death, focusing on the three domains of development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. Explore the critical aspects of physical development and its role in understanding other developmental processes.
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