Questions and Answers
Which of the following are the three domains of development?
What are the changes involved in the physical domain of development?
Changes in body size and proportions, functioning of body systems, health, and perceptual and motor capacities.
What does cognitive development refer to?
Changes in intellectual abilities.
What changes occur in the emotional and social domain?
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Which of the following is NOT a period of development?
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What is a theory?
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What is a joint family?
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What is co-sleeping?
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Continuous development means there are distinct stages that individuals go through.
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Discontinuous development is characterized by distinct stages.
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What is the difference between nature and nurture?
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What does stability in development mean?
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What is plasticity in the context of development?
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How does the medieval era view childhood?
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What was the puritan view of childhood in the 16th century?
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What is Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?
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What are the stages of Freud's Psychosexual Development?
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Cognitive development is only influenced by nature.
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
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What is systematic observation?
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What is the difference between independent and dependent variables in research?
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The __________ is concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
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Study Notes
Domains of Development
- Three main domains: Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Social.
Physical Development
- Involves changes in body size, proportions, and appearance.
- Includes functioning of body systems and health.
- Encompasses perceptual and motor capacities.
Cognitive Development
- Relates to the development of intellectual abilities throughout life.
Emotional and Social Development
- Focuses on emotional communication and self-awareness.
- Involves knowledge of others and interpersonal skills.
- Includes moral reasoning and behavior.
Periods of Development
- Stages: Prenatal, Infancy and Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Late Adulthood.
Development Theories
- Theories integrate descriptions, explanations, and predictions of behavior.
- Must be testable and provide a comprehensive framework for understanding development.
Types of Families
- Joint family consists of three generations living together.
- Nuclear family includes parents and children.
- Cosleeping refers to children sleeping in the same bed as parents.
Developmental Issues
- Key questions: Continuous vs. discontinuous development, single vs. multiple developmental paths, and the influence of nature vs. nurture.
Continuity and Discontinuity
- Continuous development has no distinct stages; change is gradual.
- Discontinuous development features defined stages that are distinct.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature refers to genetic inheritance and biological factors.
- Nurture encompasses physical and social environment influences on development.
Stability vs. Plasticity
- Stability suggests that early characteristics persist throughout life.
- Plasticity indicates the capacity for change based on experiences, especially high in early childhood.
Resilient Children
- Resilience is influenced by individual traits, supportive relationships, self-efficacy, and community resources.
Historical Perspectives on Childhood
- Medieval era viewed childhood as a phase needing protection.
- 16th-century perspectives emphasized strict discipline.
- 17th-century views by John Locke suggested children are a "blank slate."
- 18th-century ideas by Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed natural maturation.
Early Scientific Study of Development
- Key movements: Evolutionary Theory, Normative Approach, and Mental Testing Movement.
Evolutionary Theory
- Developed by Darwin, this theory describes how behaviors may enhance survival.
Normative Approach
- Pioneered by Hall and Gesell, focuses on age-related averages.
Mental Testing Movement
- Began with Binet and Simon, introducing early intelligence tests and I.Q. scoring.
Freudian Theory
- Developed in stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
- Personality comprises Id (Pleasure principle), Ego (rational decision-maker), and Superego (conscience).
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Eight stages covering trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity.
Behaviorism and Social Learning
- Classical Conditioning pairs stimuli with responses.
- Operant Conditioning emphasizes behavior modification through rewards and punishments.
- Social Learning Theory highlights observational learning and modeling.
Cognitive Learning Theory
- Developed by Jean Piaget, identifying stages from Sensorimotor to Formal Operational.
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Integrates psychology, neuroscience, and biology to understand cognitive development.
Ethology
- Focuses on the evolutionary significance of behavior, incorporating concepts like imprinting and sensitive periods.
Sociocultural Theory
- Proposed by Vygotsky, emphasizes cultural transmission and social interaction in cognitive development.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) designates the supported learning area.
Ecological Systems Theory
- Formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner, categorizes systems influencing development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.
Dynamic Systems Perspective
- Highlights the interplay of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social influences throughout life.
Scientific Research in Development
- Involves forming hypotheses, selecting research methods, and creating research designs.
Types of Observation
- Naturalistic Observation occurs in real environments without manipulation.
- Structured Observation occurs in controlled settings to elicit specific behaviors.
Types of Interviews
- Clinical Interview uses a flexible format, while Structured Interview follows a rigid question format.
Case Studies
- Collect comprehensive data about unique individual experiences, though potentially subjective.
Research Variables
- Independent Variable is manipulated to observe effects, while Dependent Variable is observed to measure impact.
Research Designs
- Longitudinal studies track the same individuals over time.
- Cross-sectional studies compare different age groups at one point.
- Sequential studies combine both methods for comprehensive insights.
- Microgenetic design focuses on the learning process over short tasks.
Research Ethics for Children
- Essential rights include protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, and beneficial treatments.
- Institutional Review Boards (IRB) oversee ethical research conduct.
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Description
Explore the three key domains of development: Physical, Cognitive, and Emotional/Social. This quiz will help you understand the various changes that occur within each domain and their implications on overall development. Equip yourself with essential knowledge to better comprehend human growth.
