Development Domains Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are the three domains of development?

Cognitive (correct)

Physical (correct)

Psychological

Emotional and Social (correct)

What are the changes involved in the physical domain of development?

Changes in body size and proportions, functioning of body systems, health, and perceptual and motor capacities.

What does cognitive development refer to?

Changes in intellectual abilities.

What changes occur in the emotional and social domain?

Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about others, interpersonal skills, and moral reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a period of development?

Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is a theory?

An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint family?

Three generations living together. Signup and view all the answers

What is co-sleeping?

When children sleep with their parents in bed. Signup and view all the answers

Continuous development means there are distinct stages that individuals go through.

False Signup and view all the answers

Discontinuous development is characterized by distinct stages.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

Nature refers to biological givens, while nurture refers to the physical and social world that influences development. Signup and view all the answers

What does stability in development mean?

Individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so at later ages. Signup and view all the answers

What is plasticity in the context of development?

Change is possible based on experiences, with high plasticity in humans up to age 10 or 11. Signup and view all the answers

How does the medieval era view childhood?

Children need protection and care, and childhood is regarded as a separate phase with special needs. Signup and view all the answers

What was the puritan view of childhood in the 16th century?

Children should not be picked up when crying, reflecting very strict views. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?

A series of eight stages that describe the development of personality and social skills. Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of Freud's Psychosexual Development?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive development is only influenced by nature.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The range of tasks that children can perform with help versus what they can do independently. Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic observation?

Observing behavior in a naturalistic or structured manner to gather data. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables in research?

The independent variable is manipulated, while the dependent variable is measured. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history.

Ethology Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Domains of Development

Three main domains: Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Social.

Physical Development

Involves changes in body size, proportions, and appearance.
Includes functioning of body systems and health.
Encompasses perceptual and motor capacities.

Cognitive Development

Relates to the development of intellectual abilities throughout life.

Focuses on emotional communication and self-awareness.
Involves knowledge of others and interpersonal skills.
Includes moral reasoning and behavior.

Periods of Development

Stages: Prenatal, Infancy and Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Late Adulthood.

Development Theories

Theories integrate descriptions, explanations, and predictions of behavior.
Must be testable and provide a comprehensive framework for understanding development.

Types of Families

Joint family consists of three generations living together.
Nuclear family includes parents and children.
Cosleeping refers to children sleeping in the same bed as parents.

Developmental Issues

Key questions: Continuous vs. discontinuous development, single vs. multiple developmental paths, and the influence of nature vs. nurture.

Continuity and Discontinuity

Continuous development has no distinct stages; change is gradual.
Discontinuous development features defined stages that are distinct.

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature refers to genetic inheritance and biological factors.
Nurture encompasses physical and social environment influences on development.

Stability vs. Plasticity

Stability suggests that early characteristics persist throughout life.
Plasticity indicates the capacity for change based on experiences, especially high in early childhood.

Resilient Children

Resilience is influenced by individual traits, supportive relationships, self-efficacy, and community resources.

Historical Perspectives on Childhood

Medieval era viewed childhood as a phase needing protection.
16th-century perspectives emphasized strict discipline.
17th-century views by John Locke suggested children are a "blank slate."
18th-century ideas by Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed natural maturation.

Early Scientific Study of Development

Key movements: Evolutionary Theory, Normative Approach, and Mental Testing Movement.

Evolutionary Theory

Developed by Darwin, this theory describes how behaviors may enhance survival.

Normative Approach

Pioneered by Hall and Gesell, focuses on age-related averages.

Mental Testing Movement

Began with Binet and Simon, introducing early intelligence tests and I.Q. scoring.

Freudian Theory

Developed in stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
Personality comprises Id (Pleasure principle), Ego (rational decision-maker), and Superego (conscience).

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Eight stages covering trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity.

Classical Conditioning pairs stimuli with responses.
Operant Conditioning emphasizes behavior modification through rewards and punishments.
Social Learning Theory highlights observational learning and modeling.

Cognitive Learning Theory

Developed by Jean Piaget, identifying stages from Sensorimotor to Formal Operational.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Integrates psychology, neuroscience, and biology to understand cognitive development.

Ethology

Focuses on the evolutionary significance of behavior, incorporating concepts like imprinting and sensitive periods.

Sociocultural Theory

Proposed by Vygotsky, emphasizes cultural transmission and social interaction in cognitive development.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) designates the supported learning area.

Ecological Systems Theory

Formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner, categorizes systems influencing development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.

Dynamic Systems Perspective

Highlights the interplay of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social influences throughout life.

Scientific Research in Development

Involves forming hypotheses, selecting research methods, and creating research designs.

Types of Observation

Naturalistic Observation occurs in real environments without manipulation.
Structured Observation occurs in controlled settings to elicit specific behaviors.

Types of Interviews

Clinical Interview uses a flexible format, while Structured Interview follows a rigid question format.

Case Studies

Collect comprehensive data about unique individual experiences, though potentially subjective.

Research Variables

Independent Variable is manipulated to observe effects, while Dependent Variable is observed to measure impact.

Research Designs

Longitudinal studies track the same individuals over time.
Cross-sectional studies compare different age groups at one point.
Sequential studies combine both methods for comprehensive insights.
Microgenetic design focuses on the learning process over short tasks.

Research Ethics for Children

Essential rights include protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, and beneficial treatments.
Institutional Review Boards (IRB) oversee ethical research conduct.

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Description

Explore the three key domains of development: Physical, Cognitive, and Emotional/Social. This quiz will help you understand the various changes that occur within each domain and their implications on overall development. Equip yourself with essential knowledge to better comprehend human growth.