Psych 1A: Memory Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the recency effect?

  • The ability to recall the last items in a list due to them being in short-term memory. (correct)
  • The difficulty in recalling information due to overload of data.
  • The phenomenon where memory is significantly improved by distraction.
  • The tendency to remember items presented at the beginning of a list.

Anterograde amnesia allows individuals to form new memories after the incident.

False (B)

What phenomenon reduces the recency effect while recalling a list of items?

distractor tasks

Patient H.M. suffered from __________ amnesia, which prevented him from forming new memories.

<p>anterograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory phenomena with their definitions:

<p>Recency Effect = Better recall of the last items in a list Anterograde Amnesia = Inability to form new memories post-incident Retrograde Amnesia = Loss of existing memories prior to an incident Serial Position Effect = Influence of item's position on recall accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum capacity of short-term memory according to Miller’s theory?

<p>7 items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Long-term memory has a limited duration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the short-term memory when information is rehearsed?

<p>Information is encoded into long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the ________ Effect, items presented first are more likely to be remembered.

<p>Primacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of unattended information?

<p>It is likely to be lost (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating information for retention Serial Position Effect = The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better Encoding = Transforming information into a format that can be stored Retrieval = Accessing stored information from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to recall ability after approximately 20 seconds without rehearsal?

<p>Recall decreases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ebbinghaus demonstrated that recall probability is affected by the order in which items are presented.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory memory?

<p>It provides a brief, attentive representation of sensory input. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Long-term memory has limited capacity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the model that includes sensory, short-term, and long-term memory?

<p>Multi-store model</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the multi-store model of memory, short-term memory has a _____ duration.

<p>short</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of memory with their characteristics:

<p>Sensory memory = High capacity, short duration Short-term memory = Small capacity, short duration Long-term memory = Unlimited capacity, indefinite duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the serial position effect, which part of a list is usually remembered best?

<p>The first items (A), The last items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iconic memory refers exclusively to auditory stimuli.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that affects the capacity of short-term memory.

<p>Chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Short-term memory capacity

The amount of information that can be held in short-term memory at any given time. Often referred to as 'magical number seven, plus or minus two'.

Short-term memory duration

The length of time a piece of information can be held in short-term memory without rehearsal (conscious repetition).

Maintenance Rehearsal

Consciously repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

Serial Position Effect

The tendency for items at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list to be remembered better than items in the middle.

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Primacy Effect

Remembering items at the beginning of a list better.

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Encoding

Converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory.

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Retrieval

The process of accessing information from memory.

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Attention

The focusing of mental effort on select information.

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Recency Effect

Last items in a list are remembered better due to being in short-term memory.

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Short-term memory (STM)

Part of memory where limited information is held briefly.

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Distractor task

An activity that disrupts memorization.

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Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories, starting at the point of incident.

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Memory Stores Theory

Theory of memory as separated components—like different boxes.

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What is iconic memory?

Iconic memory is a very brief visual sensory store that retains information for a fraction of a second. This is like a snapshot of what you see, fading away almost instantly.

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How long does iconic memory last?

Iconic memory typically lasts for less than a second, fading rapidly. Think of it as a quick glimpse.

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What's the capacity of iconic memory?

Iconic memory has a very high capacity, meaning it can hold a large amount of visual information. Think of it as a wide-angle camera capturing the whole scene.

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Sperling's Experiment (Study 2)

Sperling's experiment tested the capacity of iconic memory by flashing a grid of letters and then using a tone to indicate which row to recall. Participants could recall almost all letters in the indicated row.

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What does Sperling's experiment tell us?

Sperling's experiment showed that iconic memory has a much larger capacity than initially thought, but the information fades quickly. We can access more than we can report.

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Multi-store Model of Memory

The multi-store model proposes that memory involves three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information passes through these stages, undergoing processing and potential storage in each.

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What are the key differences between sensory, short-term and long-term memory?

Sensory memory holds fleeting sensory information (high capacity, short duration), short-term memory holds information actively processed (limited capacity, short duration), and long-term memory stores information for extended periods (unlimited capacity, indefinite duration).

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What is the function of attention?

Attention plays a crucial role in transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory. It allows us to focus on relevant information, ignoring distractions.

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Study Notes

Session Guidelines

  • Engage actively in scheduled class content and activities.
  • Maintain a respectful and focused atmosphere.
  • Use only necessary devices.
  • Commit to staying until the lecturer signals the end of class.
  • Contribute positively and professionally.
  • Approach sensitive topics with care.
  • Choosing to stay demonstrates commitment to guidelines.
  • Concerns or challenges following guidelines should be discussed with staff (e.g., advisor, course coordinator).
  • Students who disrupt others' learning may be asked to leave.

Course Information

  • The course is titled Psych 1A: Cognition.
  • The lecturer is Dr. Judith Jackson.
  • Contact email: [email protected]
  • Log attendance on Moodle.

Memory Lecture 1

  • The lecture covers the multi-store model of memory.
  • Components of Baddeley's working memory model will be examined.
  • The taxonomy of long-term memory is included.

Multi-Store Model of Memory

  • Sensory input -> Sensory memory -> Short-term memory (STM) -> Long-term memory (LTM).
  • Information not transferred is lost at each stage.
  • Rehearsal moves information from STM to LTM.
  • Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968, 2024) proposed this model.

Sensory Memory (Iconic Memory)

  • Holds a brief trace of sensory input.
  • High capacity.
  • Short duration.
  • Sperling (1960) studied iconic memory with visual stimuli.

Study 1 (Sperling, 1960)

  • Task: participants saw an array of letters for 50 milliseconds and were asked to recall as many as possible.
  • Results: Participants recalled about 3-4 letters, but reported remembering more.
  • Conclusion: This suggests limited capacity and duration of sensory memory.

Study 2 (Sperling, 1960)

  • Task: participants saw an array of letters and a tone was played indicating the row to recall.
  • Results: Participants could recall almost all letters of the indicated row.
  • Conclusion: High capacity and short duration of sensory memory were supported.

Short-Term Memory

  • Miller (1956) found the capacity of STM is about 7 +/- 2 items.
  • Peterson & Peterson (1959) found STM duration is limited (approx. 20 seconds without rehearsal).

Baddeley's Working Memory Model

  • Central executive controls information flow, sets goals.
  • Phonological loop processes verbal information.
  • Visuospatial sketchpad manipulates visual and spatial information.
  • Episodic buffer combines information from other components.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

  • Explicit memory (with conscious recall)
    • Semantic memory: facts & general knowledge.
    • Episodic memory: personally experienced events.
  • Implicit memory (without conscious recall)
    • Procedural memory: motor and cognitive skills.
    • Priming: enhanced identification of objects or words.

Effects of Brain Damage

  • Amnesia: inability to form (anterograde) or recall (retrograde) memories.
  • Examples: Patient H.M. and Clive Wearing, both experienced amnesia due to brain damage.

Problems with the Multi-Store Model

  • Evidence suggests working memory is not a unitary store, but rather comprises multiple systems (e.g., Baddeley's working memory model).

Student Hours

  • Thursdays: 3pm - 4pm, Room 406, 62 Hillhead Street
  • Mondays: 10.30am - 11.30am, online

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