Psych 1A: Memory Lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the recency effect?

  • The ability to recall the last items in a list due to them being in short-term memory. (correct)
  • The difficulty in recalling information due to overload of data.
  • The phenomenon where memory is significantly improved by distraction.
  • The tendency to remember items presented at the beginning of a list.

    • Anterograde amnesia allows individuals to form new memories after the incident.

    False

    What phenomenon reduces the recency effect while recalling a list of items?

    distractor tasks

    Patient H.M. suffered from __________ amnesia, which prevented him from forming new memories.

    <p>anterograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory phenomena with their definitions:

    <p>Recency Effect = Better recall of the last items in a list Anterograde Amnesia = Inability to form new memories post-incident Retrograde Amnesia = Loss of existing memories prior to an incident Serial Position Effect = Influence of item's position on recall accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum capacity of short-term memory according to Miller’s theory?

    <p>7 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term memory has a limited duration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the short-term memory when information is rehearsed?

    <p>Information is encoded into long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the ________ Effect, items presented first are more likely to be remembered.

    <p>Primacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of unattended information?

    <p>It is likely to be lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating information for retention Serial Position Effect = The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better Encoding = Transforming information into a format that can be stored Retrieval = Accessing stored information from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to recall ability after approximately 20 seconds without rehearsal?

    <p>Recall decreases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ebbinghaus demonstrated that recall probability is affected by the order in which items are presented.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory memory?

    <p>It provides a brief, attentive representation of sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term memory has limited capacity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the model that includes sensory, short-term, and long-term memory?

    <p>Multi-store model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the multi-store model of memory, short-term memory has a _____ duration.

    <p>short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of memory with their characteristics:

    <p>Sensory memory = High capacity, short duration Short-term memory = Small capacity, short duration Long-term memory = Unlimited capacity, indefinite duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the serial position effect, which part of a list is usually remembered best?

    <p>The first items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iconic memory refers exclusively to auditory stimuli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor that affects the capacity of short-term memory.

    <p>Chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Session Guidelines

    • Engage actively in scheduled class content and activities.
    • Maintain a respectful and focused atmosphere.
    • Use only necessary devices.
    • Commit to staying until the lecturer signals the end of class.
    • Contribute positively and professionally.
    • Approach sensitive topics with care.
    • Choosing to stay demonstrates commitment to guidelines.
    • Concerns or challenges following guidelines should be discussed with staff (e.g., advisor, course coordinator).
    • Students who disrupt others' learning may be asked to leave.

    Course Information

    • The course is titled Psych 1A: Cognition.
    • The lecturer is Dr. Judith Jackson.
    • Contact email: [email protected]
    • Log attendance on Moodle.

    Memory Lecture 1

    • The lecture covers the multi-store model of memory.
    • Components of Baddeley's working memory model will be examined.
    • The taxonomy of long-term memory is included.

    Multi-Store Model of Memory

    • Sensory input -> Sensory memory -> Short-term memory (STM) -> Long-term memory (LTM).
    • Information not transferred is lost at each stage.
    • Rehearsal moves information from STM to LTM.
    • Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968, 2024) proposed this model.

    Sensory Memory (Iconic Memory)

    • Holds a brief trace of sensory input.
    • High capacity.
    • Short duration.
    • Sperling (1960) studied iconic memory with visual stimuli.

    Study 1 (Sperling, 1960)

    • Task: participants saw an array of letters for 50 milliseconds and were asked to recall as many as possible.
    • Results: Participants recalled about 3-4 letters, but reported remembering more.
    • Conclusion: This suggests limited capacity and duration of sensory memory.

    Study 2 (Sperling, 1960)

    • Task: participants saw an array of letters and a tone was played indicating the row to recall.
    • Results: Participants could recall almost all letters of the indicated row.
    • Conclusion: High capacity and short duration of sensory memory were supported.

    Short-Term Memory

    • Miller (1956) found the capacity of STM is about 7 +/- 2 items.
    • Peterson & Peterson (1959) found STM duration is limited (approx. 20 seconds without rehearsal).

    Baddeley's Working Memory Model

    • Central executive controls information flow, sets goals.
    • Phonological loop processes verbal information.
    • Visuospatial sketchpad manipulates visual and spatial information.
    • Episodic buffer combines information from other components.

    Long-Term Memory (LTM)

    • Explicit memory (with conscious recall)
      • Semantic memory: facts & general knowledge.
      • Episodic memory: personally experienced events.
    • Implicit memory (without conscious recall)
      • Procedural memory: motor and cognitive skills.
      • Priming: enhanced identification of objects or words.

    Effects of Brain Damage

    • Amnesia: inability to form (anterograde) or recall (retrograde) memories.
    • Examples: Patient H.M. and Clive Wearing, both experienced amnesia due to brain damage.

    Problems with the Multi-Store Model

    • Evidence suggests working memory is not a unitary store, but rather comprises multiple systems (e.g., Baddeley's working memory model).

    Student Hours

    • Thursdays: 3pm - 4pm, Room 406, 62 Hillhead Street
    • Mondays: 10.30am - 11.30am, online

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    Related Documents

    L4 Memory1 PDF - University of Glasgow

    Description

    Test your understanding of the multi-store model of memory and Baddeley's working memory model. This quiz covers important concepts related to sensory memory and the taxonomy of long-term memory. Prepare to engage with the intricate details of memory structures and processes discussed in the lecture.

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