Autism Spectrum Disorder
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was one of Kanner's beliefs about the nature of autism during the early diagnosis period?

  • Autism is closely related to childhood schizophrenia.
  • Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder related to genetic predisposition.
  • Autism is an escape from reality. (correct)
  • Autism is primarily the result of environmental influences.

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with Asperger’s Syndrome?

  • Deficiency in empathic responding
  • Stilted speech patterns
  • Normal intelligence
  • Severe cognitive impairment (correct)

How did early perceptions of autism incorrectly attribute the cause of the disorder?

  • By linking it to environmental toxins like pesticides.
  • Due to ineffective parenting styles. (correct)
  • Through genetic factors and family background.
  • As a result of infant vaccinations.

What is the current understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in relation to neurodevelopment?

<p>ASD is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders unrelated to parenting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable change occurred regarding the classification of Asperger’s Syndrome in DSM-5?

<p>It was merged into the ASD category. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to historical perspectives, parents of autistic children were often viewed as what?

<p>Contradictory communicators and emotionally withholding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom associated with Asperger’s Syndrome?

<p>Stilted and monotonous speech patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about autism treatment was prevalent historically?

<p>Parenting techniques could cure autism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is most commonly associated with the early study of autism and may have influenced its diagnosis?

<p>Leo Kanner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the characteristics of Asperger's Syndrome is accurate?

<p>Social interactions may be awkward but cognitive abilities are often intact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common misconception about the cause of autism in historical contexts?

<p>Parental neglect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed neurodevelopmental basis for Autistic Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Underdevelopment of social networks in the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been dismissed as a significant cause of ASD, despite historical speculation?

<p>Infant vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of lower-functioning ASD in children?

<p>Social withdrawal and lack of interest in peers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is the most common known cause of ASD?

<p>Fragile X Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incorrect perception about the causes of autism in historical discussions?

<p>Vaccines are a direct cause of ASD. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sensory problem often seen in children with lower-functioning ASD?

<p>Hyper-sensitivity to touch and sounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Asperger’s Syndrome compared to lower-functioning ASD?

<p>High verbal capabilities and normal cognitive functioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral characteristic is often present in individuals with lower-functioning ASD?

<p>Repetitive body movements and narrow interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common comorbidity identified in individuals diagnosed with lower-functioning ASD?

<p>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral pattern is characteristic of a diagnosis of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder?

<p>Normal development followed by significant regression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is widely accepted as a risk factor for ASD, based on contemporary research?

<p>Advanced paternal age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factors are associated with an increased likelihood of developing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

<p>Older parental age, especially fathers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable brain finding in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>67% more neurons in the prefrontal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT commonly associated with managing Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Surgery to alter neurotransmitter levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between vaccines and Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Childhood vaccines have no credible evidence linking them to ASD. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome for lower-functioning individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>They often require long-term custodial care. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Autistic Spectrum Disorder in the DSM-5-TR classification?

<p>Early-onset impairments in social interaction and communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a common misconception about Autism historically?

<p>Autism primarily affects females more than males. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy for individuals with lower-functioning ASD?

<p>Language acquisition and social skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of functioning in ASD indicates the need for 24/7 care?

<p>Level 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the current understanding of Kanner's etiology for early infantile autism?

<p>It combines genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medical condition is commonly co-morbid with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Seizures due to Rett Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurodevelopmental characteristic is commonly found in individuals with ASD?

<p>Restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is recommended for educational intervention in high-functioning individuals with ASD?

<p>1:1 teaching environment with focus on language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kanner’s etiology for 'early infantile autism,' which factor was mistakenly emphasized?

<p>Parental coldness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for developing ASD?

<p>Low socioeconomic status. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment approach is commonly utilized for individuals diagnosed with ASD?

<p>Behavioral therapies designed for social skills development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant brain finding associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Decreased neural connectivity in social brain regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes historical treatment perceptions of Autism?

<p>Belief in the need for psychoanalytic therapy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of autism is emphasized in current diagnostics compared to historical frameworks?

<p>The spectrum nature and range of functioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Early Infantile Autism

An early diagnosis of autism, first described by Leo Kanner in 1943, now considered a precursor to ASD.

Leo Kanner

Psychiatrist who first used the term "Early Infantile Autism" in 1943.

Asperger's Syndrome

A now-obsolete condition, a type of high-functioning autism characterized by social impairment and repetitive interests. Included in the ASD category in DSM-5.

Hans Asperger

The Austrian pediatrician who first identified Asperger's Syndrome in 1944.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DSM-5-TR

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. A book that describes various psychological disorders and their diagnostic criteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

A broad category of neurodevelopmental disorders encompassing conditions like autism and Asperger's Syndrome. Characterized by social communication challenges and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Conditions affecting how a person develops that affect brain function, resulting in specific symptoms in how a person communicates and behaves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

"Refrigerator Mother"

An outdated and incorrect theory that blamed the mothers of autistic children for their condition, suggesting emotional coldness in parenting was a primary cause.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ASD Genetic Factors

Multiple genes, gene copy number variants, and chromosomal abnormalities may contribute to ASD risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Twin Studies in ASD

MZ (identical) twins show a higher concordance rate (similar diagnosis) for ASD than DZ (fraternal) twins, suggesting a genetic component.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fathers' Age and ASD Risk

Older fathers are linked to a higher chance of offspring with ASD, potentially due to gene mutations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ASD Brain Neuron Abundance

ASD brains have an excess of neurons, especially in the prefrontal cortex, starting in the prenatal period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vaccines and ASD

Scientific evidence does not support a link between childhood vaccines and ASD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early Behavioral Intervention

Early intervention for ASD focuses on self-care, social skills, and education, often employing ABA therapy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medication for ASD

Medication for ASD can address ADHD-like behaviors or other medical issues, but response varies greatly and violence should be addressed with psychosocial considerations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Family Therapy in ASD

Family therapy is critical in supporting families struggling with ASD challenges. It promotes healthy boundaries and harmony.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Treatment Outcomes in ASD

Outcomes of ASD treatment vary significantly from case to case and are unpredictable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cost Factors in ASD Care

Interventions and ongoing care for individuals with ASD can place high financial and emotional demands on families, and healthcare systems are often poorly prepared.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurodiversity

The idea that variations in brain structure and function are natural and should be respected, rather than viewed as disorders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Temple Grandin

A renowned scientist, author, and autism advocate who has spoken extensively about neurodiversity and the importance of understanding autistic perspectives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ASD Etiology

The causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder are complex and likely involve multiple factors, including genetics and environmental influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High-Functioning ASD

A term used to describe individuals with ASD who have strong cognitive abilities and may excel in specific areas, but still experience challenges with social communication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ASD on TV

Characters with ASD are increasingly portrayed in television shows, raising awareness and understanding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lower-functioning ASD Signs

Characteristics observed in children with lower-functioning ASD, including communication problems, sensory sensitivities, repetitive behaviors, and social withdrawal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lack of Babbling/Gesturing

A sign of lower-functioning ASD where a child does not babble, gesture, or point by 12 months, and may not respond to gestures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Echolalic Speech

A sign of lower-functioning ASD where a child repeats phrases or words without understanding their meaning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Withdrawal in ASD

A characteristic of lower-functioning ASD where children show little interest in peers, making friends, or engaging in joint play.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Sensitivity in ASD

A symptom of lower-functioning ASD involving extreme reactions (either hyper-sensitivity or indifference) to touch, smells, sounds, or pain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Repetitive Body Movements

A sign of lower-functioning ASD where children engage in repetitive actions like hand-flapping or finger-flicking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perseveration

A characteristic of lower-functioning ASD where a child gets stuck on a specific topic or task, unable to move on easily.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fragile X Syndrome

A genetic condition that is the most common known cause of ASD and intellectual disability, affecting the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rett Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome, leading to developmental deterioration, primarily affecting females.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

A genetic condition where an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, often associated with ASD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A group of neurodevelopmental disorders affecting social communication and behavior. Individuals with ASD show early onset difficulties with social interaction, communication, and may exhibit restricted and repetitive behaviors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Communication

The process of conveying and understanding information, ideas and feelings in social interactions. Individuals with ASD experience difficulties in these areas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors

A common feature of ASD. These may include seemingly unusual or repetitive movements or behaviors, limited interests, and inflexible adherence to routines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Levels of ASD Functioning

DSM-5-TR categorizes ASD based on level of support needed. Level 1: High-functioning, independent living. Level 2: Moderate functioning, semi-independent living. Level 3: Severe, requiring medication and specialized care.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ASD in Males vs Females

ASD occurs more frequently in males than females, with a ratio of 5 to 10 times more common in males.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early Onset of Symptoms

ASD is characterized by early onset symptoms, meaning they are present within the first few years of life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impairments in Social Interaction

A key characteristic of ASD, including difficulties with initiating and maintaining social relationships, understanding social cues, and engaging in reciprocal interaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impairments in Communication

Challenges in communication skills including verbal and nonverbal communication. This may involve difficulty with understanding language, initiating conversations, or expressing oneself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • Lecture notes are copyright 2014, 2020, 2023
  • All rights reserved
  • Download for private student use only
  • Psych 183 students currently registered at UCSB
  • For-profit reproduction prohibited
  • Violation of U.C. regulations and DMCA
  • Expressly prohibited

Course Materials Protection

  • Class lectures, discussions, handouts, examinations, and web materials are protected by US Federal Copyright Law and California Civil Code
  • Recording lectures or discussions and distributing/selling notes without instructor permission is prohibited
  • Students are permitted notes only for private educational use
  • Exceptions for students with disabilities may be granted with appropriate documentation
  • Completing and selling study guides is prohibited

Taylor Swift Fan "Amnesia"

  • Fans paid hundreds of dollars and endured rain to see Taylor Swift
  • After the 40-song show, many fans couldn't recall details of the performance.

DSM-5-TR Autistic Spectrum Disorder

  • Classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder
  • Includes various intellectual, perceptual, and communication disorders
  • Includes a range of syndromes, with early onset impairments
  • Social interaction and communication deficits
  • Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors, interests, and activities
  • About 1 in 150 children have ASD; 5-10 times more common in males
  • Includes levels of functioning:
    • Level 1: Relatively high-functioning; independent living
    • Level 2: Moderate functioning; capable of semi-independent living
    • Level 3: Serious communication and repetitive behaviors; requires 24/7 care and medication

Signs of Lower-Functioning ASD

  • Problems in verbal and nonverbal communication:
    • No babbling, gesturing, or pointing by 12 months
    • Absence of speech or echolalic speech
    • Social withdrawal, limited interest in peers
    • Poor eye contact, difficulty with "joint attention"
    • Failure to initiate or respond to social interactions
  • Sensory problems:
    • Hypersensitivity or indifference to touch, smells, sounds, pain
    • Absence of startle response to loud noises
  • Repetition and Preference for Sameness:
    • Repetitive body movements (e.g., hand-flapping)
    • Perseveration (getting stuck on a specific topic or task)
    • Very narrow set of interests, over-focus on preferred activities
  • Co-diagnosis of ADHD is common

Comorbid Medical Conditions

  • 70% of ASD cases have no apparent medical disorder
  • 30% of ASD cases are diagnosed with an associated medical condition, including:
    • Fragile X syndrome: most common known genetic cause of ASD and intellectual disability.
    • Rett syndrome: genetic mutation affecting mostly females with infantile deterioration
    • Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
    • Others

Older Classifications within ASD

  • No longer diagnosed separately in DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR:
    • Higher-functioning: Asperger's Syndrome
    • Lower-functioning:
      • Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
      • Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

"Early Infantile Autism"

  • Introduced by Leo Kanner at Johns Hopkins University (1943)
  • Autism seen as a way to avoid reality.
  • Parents sometimes blamed for the disorder
  • Confusion with childhood schizophrenia

ASD as a Set of Congenital Disorders

  • ASD is a set of congenital disorders.

Adult ASD in Rain Man (1988)

  • Movie depicting an adult with ASD

"Asperger's Syndrome"

  • Pioneered by Hans Asperger in 1944.
  • Mostly known from the 1980s
  • High-functioning: normal intelligence with autism features
  • Deficient empathy and social skills
  • Routines and interests dominate speech
  • Potential for odd posturing, nervous tics, hand-flapping, violent outbursts, and sensory hypersensitivity

High-Functioning, High Profile

  • List of high-profile individuals who are/were speculated to have ASD

High-Functioning ASD People on TV

  • Fictional characters displayed on TV who have ASD traits
  • Shaun Murphy, Sheldon Cooper and Amy Farrah Fowler

Is High-Functioning ASD a Disorder?

  • Temple Grandin (Professor of animal science)
  • Advocate for neurodiversity and spectrum of human differences

Etiology of ASD

  • A number of different types of ASD with varied causes
  • Potential genetic links and chromosomal abnormalities
  • 600-1200 genes possibly linked to ASD
  • Genetic markers, epigenetic, and possible prenatal complications
  • Brain findings including overabundance of neurons (67% more than norm) and over-wiring of connections in ASD brains

How is ASD Treated?

  • Early behavioral intervention:
    • Self-care and social skills training
    • ABA therapy (autism behavior analysis) for lower-functioning
    • Social-scripts training for higher-functioning
  • Structured educational environment
  • Medication (optional):
    • Ritalin for ADHD-like behaviors
    • Anticonvulsants/antipsychotics (if needed) for outbursts, seizures
  • Family therapy and ABA are used to improve family dynamics

Fridlund's Last Lecture for ASB (2012)

  • Alan Fridlund's final lecture from 2012

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

PSY 183 ASD 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the copyright regulations and usage policies for course materials in Psych 183 at UCSB. Understand the rights and limitations regarding lecture notes, recordings, and student materials to ensure compliance with federal and university laws.

More Like This

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning
10 questions

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning

RefinedEmpowerment avatar
RefinedEmpowerment
Kaplan Higher Education Copyright Policy
10 questions

Kaplan Higher Education Copyright Policy

RoomyCyclops avatar
RoomyCyclops
Copyright Compliance in Education
8 questions

Copyright Compliance in Education

DeadOnGalaxy avatar
DeadOnGalaxy
Copyright Regulations in Education
48 questions

Copyright Regulations in Education

InstrumentalBlack avatar
InstrumentalBlack
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser