Lecture 7

Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of pre-existing negative schemas?

They can only be developed in adulthood.

They result in immediate positive thoughts.

They are activated by stress and lead to biased information processing. (correct)

They promote a realistic view of oneself and the world.

What is the primary aim of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

To rely solely on medication for treatment.

To increase positive thoughts without addressing negative beliefs.

To eliminate all forms of negative thinking.

To modify dysfunctional cognitions and related behaviors. (correct)

Which of the following is a component of the behavioral aspect of CBT?

Ignoring negative thoughts

Behavioral experiments (correct)

Developing positive thinking techniques

Psychoeducation

How does CBT compare to drug therapy regarding relapse rates?

CBT has comparable relapse rates to drug therapy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

Creating a personal narrative based on optimism. Signup and view all the answers

What diagnosis is characterized by a sad, empty, or irritable mood associated with somatic and cognitive changes?

Major Depressive Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of mood disorder episodes a person may experience in their lifetime?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is not classified under DSM-5 Depressive Disorders?

Cyclothymic Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What percentage increase in risk is associated with each mood disorder episode?

16% Signup and view all the answers

Which form of mood disorder is characterized by a chronic low-level depression?

Persistent Depressive Disorder Signup and view all the answers

In DSM-5, what distinguishes Major Depressive Disorder from Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Duration of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is specifically linked to hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle?

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder indicates mood disturbances due to another medical condition according to DSM-5?

Depressive Disorder due to another medical condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence rate of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?

1-2% Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with low levels in individuals with mood disorders?

Noradrenalin Signup and view all the answers

What biological treatment is specifically known for blocking the reuptake of serotonin?

Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that biological vulnerability combined with stress leads to depression?

Vulnerability Stress Model Signup and view all the answers

What is one common characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?

Lacking symptom-free periods Signup and view all the answers

What is the effectiveness rate of SSRIs in treating depression?

70-80% Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates sadness from clinical depression?

Clinical depression has symptoms that are disproportionate to life situations. Signup and view all the answers

How many symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of a Major Depressive Episode according to DSM-5?

At least 5 symptoms over a 2 week period. Signup and view all the answers

What response does increased stress typically elicit in relation to mood disorders?

Excess cortisol levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?

Heightened sense of self-worth. Signup and view all the answers

According to Schema Theory, what term describes the stable memory structures that influence information processing?

Schemas Signup and view all the answers

When experiencing sadness due to significant loss, which of the following may also resemble a depressive episode?

Significant weight loss during a stressful period. Signup and view all the answers

What factors should clinicians consider when diagnosing depression in relation to a loss?

The individual's history, personal and cultural context. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the typical experience of sadness as a life experience?

Milder and temporary, affecting almost everyone. Signup and view all the answers

Which option best represents a common response to significant loss?

Insomnia or poor appetite. Signup and view all the answers

In what manner does sadness typically change over time?

It fades as individuals adjust to a new 'normal'. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a diagnosis of a Major Depressive Episode according to DSM-5?

Five or more symptoms lasting for at least two weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Major Depressive Disorder?

Increased sociability Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence range of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in the population?

5-25% Signup and view all the answers

In order to be diagnosed with Persistent Depressive Disorder, an individual must have symptoms for how long?

For most of the day, for at least 2 years Signup and view all the answers

Which group is statistically more likely to experience unipolar mood disorders?

Females Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the course of Major Depressive Disorder?

Remission from symptoms can occur variably Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of Major Depressive Episode?

Lack of concentration Signup and view all the answers

What must be absent for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

A hypomanic episode Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Wear It Purple Day

Celebrated on August 30, 2024, to support LGBTQI+ youth.
Aimed at fostering safe and inclusive environments for young people.

Mental Health Conditions: Depressive Disorders

Lesson focused on Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD).
Support resources include the Student Counselling Service and the Psychology Clinic.

Mood Disorders

Characterized by disturbances in mood, occurring on a continuum between extremes of normal mood.
Mood disorders are episodic, with an average of four episodes in a lifetime; risk increases with each episode.

Classification of Mood Disorders

DSM-IV includes various types such as Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, Bipolar Disorders, and others.
DSM-5 categorizes disorders into Depressive Disorders and Bipolar & Related Disorders.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Requires at least five symptoms for a two-week period, including depressed mood, loss of interest, and thoughts of death.
Symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment and cannot be attributed to substance use or medical conditions.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Defined by a depressed mood lasting most of the day for at least two years.
Symptoms include poor appetite, insomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, and feelings of hopelessness.
Chronic course with milder symptoms than MDD but still causes significant distress.

Prevalence and Course

MDD prevalence: 5-25% of the population; peaks in the 20s, with a higher incidence in females.
PDD prevalence: 1-2%; often emerges in childhood or adolescence and has a chronic course.

Theories of Depressive Disorders

Biological theories highlight genetic vulnerability, neurochemistry (low norepinephrine and serotonin levels), and stress response (excess cortisol).
Psychological theories focus on cognitive vulnerabilities and maladaptive information processing.

Treatments for Depressive Disorders

Biological Treatments
- SSRIs (e.g., Prozac, Zoloft) effective in 70-80% of cases; fewer side effects but relapse is common.
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) effective for severe cases but mechanisms are unclear.
Psychological Treatments
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to alter dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors through psychoeducation, behavioral activation, and cognitive restructuring.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Focuses on addressing cognitive errors to develop a realistic self-view and reduce negative schemas.
Involves behavioral experiments to test beliefs and increase reinforcing activities to build a positive feedback loop.

Overall Impact

Depression is a leading cause of disability and non-fatal burden in Australia.
Understanding the nuances of sadness versus clinical depression is critical for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

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Description

Explore the key concepts and characteristics of depressive disorders in this lesson from the PSYC1002 course. Understand Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder while gaining insights into their implications on mental health. This quiz aims to assess your comprehension of the material covered in today's lecture.