Podcast
Questions and Answers
Our attention has been said to involve a _____ that filters out everything except information we are attending to.
Our attention has been said to involve a _____ that filters out everything except information we are attending to.
bottleneck
You are in your living room baby-sitting a five year old while watching an important class lecture online. The child is making so much noise; you are repeating what you hear in the lecture to yourself. This is most similar to _____.
You are in your living room baby-sitting a five year old while watching an important class lecture online. The child is making so much noise; you are repeating what you hear in the lecture to yourself. This is most similar to _____.
shadow tasking
You are at a playground with your little brother, and you hear a child yell, 'MOM!' You notice a dozen women pause in their conversations, turning their heads to see if it was their child calling for them. This is an example of _____.
You are at a playground with your little brother, and you hear a child yell, 'MOM!' You notice a dozen women pause in their conversations, turning their heads to see if it was their child calling for them. This is an example of _____.
cocktail party effect
Treisman's modified filter model of attention suggests that some information passes through, but only after it has been ranked in terms of _____.
Treisman's modified filter model of attention suggests that some information passes through, but only after it has been ranked in terms of _____.
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According to Treisman's dictionary unit, the lower the threshold of information, _____.
According to Treisman's dictionary unit, the lower the threshold of information, _____.
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Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the notion that our attention is like a spotlight? (Select one)
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the notion that our attention is like a spotlight? (Select one)
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In your textbook, a study was discussed in which participants were asked to complete two tasks at once or separately, and their performance in both conditions was compared. This experiment employed _____.
In your textbook, a study was discussed in which participants were asked to complete two tasks at once or separately, and their performance in both conditions was compared. This experiment employed _____.
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Who developed the feature integration model of attention?
Who developed the feature integration model of attention?
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An example of a conjunction target would be _____.
An example of a conjunction target would be _____.
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Localization of function or features in attention processes is consistent with _____.
Localization of function or features in attention processes is consistent with _____.
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Zaretskaya et al. (2013) found activity in the _____ during a task involving a global percept.
Zaretskaya et al. (2013) found activity in the _____ during a task involving a global percept.
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Noticing a red flower among a field of purple flowers illustrates _____.
Noticing a red flower among a field of purple flowers illustrates _____.
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Participants in Simons & Chabris' (1999) study did not notice when a gorilla walked across a scene. This illustrates _____.
Participants in Simons & Chabris' (1999) study did not notice when a gorilla walked across a scene. This illustrates _____.
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Participants in Simons & Levin's (1998) study did not notice when a person asking them for directions was switched with another person. This illustrates _____.
Participants in Simons & Levin's (1998) study did not notice when a person asking them for directions was switched with another person. This illustrates _____.
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If you had to turn your car wheel left to make a right turn, you would likely get confused. This illustrates _____.
If you had to turn your car wheel left to make a right turn, you would likely get confused. This illustrates _____.
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The two mechanisms hypothesized to underlie the Simon effect are _____ and _____.
The two mechanisms hypothesized to underlie the Simon effect are _____ and _____.
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Difficulty naming the print color of a word for a different color (word 'blue' written in red ink) illustrates _____.
Difficulty naming the print color of a word for a different color (word 'blue' written in red ink) illustrates _____.
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In Stroop's study (1935) on automatic processing in attention, he found that participants took less time to name colors when the word and color were _____, and more time when they were _____.
In Stroop's study (1935) on automatic processing in attention, he found that participants took less time to name colors when the word and color were _____, and more time when they were _____.
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Processing that is not controlled and does not tax cognitive resources is _____, whereas processing due to an intention that consumes cognitive resources is _____.
Processing that is not controlled and does not tax cognitive resources is _____, whereas processing due to an intention that consumes cognitive resources is _____.
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Perhaps one of the most important ways to turn a controlled task into an automatic one is _____.
Perhaps one of the most important ways to turn a controlled task into an automatic one is _____.
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Clive Wearing lost his ability to form new memories due to damage to his _____, resulting from encephalitis.
Clive Wearing lost his ability to form new memories due to damage to his _____, resulting from encephalitis.
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Memory processes include encoding, storage and ____.
Memory processes include encoding, storage and ____.
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Imagine that you are sitting in class, listening to your professor lecture, viewing slides on the projector that he is flipping through. You close your eyes and see the image of the last screen fade. This is an example of _____.
Imagine that you are sitting in class, listening to your professor lecture, viewing slides on the projector that he is flipping through. You close your eyes and see the image of the last screen fade. This is an example of _____.
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Multiple choice questions are an example of _______ tests and essay questions are examples of _______ tests.
Multiple choice questions are an example of _______ tests and essay questions are examples of _______ tests.
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Very brief memories are called ____; brief memories are called _____; long held memories are called _____.
Very brief memories are called ____; brief memories are called _____; long held memories are called _____.
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You are participating in a study in which you are presented with an array of letters. However, you are only asked to report the top line of 5 rows (much like an eye exam). This best illustrates _____.
You are participating in a study in which you are presented with an array of letters. However, you are only asked to report the top line of 5 rows (much like an eye exam). This best illustrates _____.
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_____ is an intermediate memory storage that begins processing of perceptual information transferred from _____.
_____ is an intermediate memory storage that begins processing of perceptual information transferred from _____.
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When you were young, your teacher likely had you write your name, phone number, and address out repeatedly in order to help you remember them. This rehearsal helped get the information from _____ to _____.
When you were young, your teacher likely had you write your name, phone number, and address out repeatedly in order to help you remember them. This rehearsal helped get the information from _____ to _____.
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You just recently bought a new cell phone and had to change your phone number. However, your old phone number keeps interfering with your ability to remember your new phone number. This is an example of _____.
You just recently bought a new cell phone and had to change your phone number. However, your old phone number keeps interfering with your ability to remember your new phone number. This is an example of _____.
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You have been working at a bank for the last 4 years, but they recently changed systems and you had to relearn how to perform every task. However, after a while, you notice that you cannot remember how you used to perform these tasks using the old system. This is an example of _____.
You have been working at a bank for the last 4 years, but they recently changed systems and you had to relearn how to perform every task. However, after a while, you notice that you cannot remember how you used to perform these tasks using the old system. This is an example of _____.
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Old information interfering with the storage or retrieval of new information is _____, as new information interfering with the storage or retrieval of old information is _____.
Old information interfering with the storage or retrieval of new information is _____, as new information interfering with the storage or retrieval of old information is _____.
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Being able to recall what you had for breakfast yesterday illustrates your _____.
Being able to recall what you had for breakfast yesterday illustrates your _____.
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Your memory for the name of presidents or capitals of countries are examples of _____.
Your memory for the name of presidents or capitals of countries are examples of _____.
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Remembering how to drive a car is an example of _____.
Remembering how to drive a car is an example of _____.
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When you took your introductory psychology course, you likely learned a little bit about many different areas of psychology. However, as you began taking other psychology courses, you likely found that your professors would _______ on information you already learned in your introductory psychology course. Essentially, you were adding new information onto existing information that you already knew.
When you took your introductory psychology course, you likely learned a little bit about many different areas of psychology. However, as you began taking other psychology courses, you likely found that your professors would _______ on information you already learned in your introductory psychology course. Essentially, you were adding new information onto existing information that you already knew.
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The phonological loop is to _____ as the visuospatial sketchpad is to _____.
The phonological loop is to _____ as the visuospatial sketchpad is to _____.
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The _____ controls the flow of information between the _____, the _____, and the _____.
The _____ controls the flow of information between the _____, the _____, and the _____.
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During college, you took several semesters of a foreign language. According to Ebbinghaus, you would _____ a lot of information early on, but then the rate of loss _____ as the length of time _____.
During college, you took several semesters of a foreign language. According to Ebbinghaus, you would _____ a lot of information early on, but then the rate of loss _____ as the length of time _____.
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_____ is a neural process by which memories are strengthened and more permanently stored in the brain.
_____ is a neural process by which memories are strengthened and more permanently stored in the brain.
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_____ seems to be important in aiding the consolidation process.
_____ seems to be important in aiding the consolidation process.
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Of the three main processes of memory - encoding, storage, and retrieval - _____ and _____ are the processes most under our control.
Of the three main processes of memory - encoding, storage, and retrieval - _____ and _____ are the processes most under our control.
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You are presented with the following questions: 1) Is KITTEN in all capital letters? 2) Does KITTEN rhyme with MOOSE? 3) Is KITTEN a type of animal? Which would you most likely remember?
You are presented with the following questions: 1) Is KITTEN in all capital letters? 2) Does KITTEN rhyme with MOOSE? 3) Is KITTEN a type of animal? Which would you most likely remember?
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_____ is to questions about typeface as _____ is to questions about sentence completion.
_____ is to questions about typeface as _____ is to questions about sentence completion.
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While studying for a psychology exam, you devise a poem about Piaget's stages of development to help you remember. This is an example of _____.
While studying for a psychology exam, you devise a poem about Piaget's stages of development to help you remember. This is an example of _____.
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Research has shown that the best way to study is _____.
Research has shown that the best way to study is _____.
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One reason why spacing your studying out is best is because _____.
One reason why spacing your studying out is best is because _____.
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The beginning of a word list is to _____ as the end of a word list is to _____.
The beginning of a word list is to _____ as the end of a word list is to _____.
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The primacy effect depends on _____ as the recency effect depends on _____.
The primacy effect depends on _____ as the recency effect depends on _____.
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When memorizing a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate _____ if you are tested on the list the next day.
When memorizing a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate _____ if you are tested on the list the next day.
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When memorizing a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate _____ if you are tested on the list immediately afterwards.
When memorizing a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate _____ if you are tested on the list immediately afterwards.
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Jodie insists on getting to class 2 hours before an exam so she has plenty of time to review her notes in the same classroom where she both learned the information and will be taking the exam. She must support _____.
Jodie insists on getting to class 2 hours before an exam so she has plenty of time to review her notes in the same classroom where she both learned the information and will be taking the exam. She must support _____.
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Joseph was very anxious when taking his GRE exam, although he was not anxious while studying for it. According to the idea of _____, he will not do well on the GRE exam.
Joseph was very anxious when taking his GRE exam, although he was not anxious while studying for it. According to the idea of _____, he will not do well on the GRE exam.
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_____ described 'seven sins of memory.'
_____ described 'seven sins of memory.'
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_____ is a term for normal decay and forgetting of information over time.
_____ is a term for normal decay and forgetting of information over time.
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A lack of attention during encoding or retrieval results in poor memory, and is known as _____.
A lack of attention during encoding or retrieval results in poor memory, and is known as _____.
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Imagine you are watching a movie, and you recognize an actor. Their name is 'on the tip of your tongue' - this is an example of _____.
Imagine you are watching a movie, and you recognize an actor. Their name is 'on the tip of your tongue' - this is an example of _____.
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Altering memories or creating false memories for events we have never experienced is _____.
Altering memories or creating false memories for events we have never experienced is _____.
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Having a song stuck in your head all day is an example of ____.
Having a song stuck in your head all day is an example of ____.
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Sir Frederick C. Bartlett found that participants in his study tended to reconstruct memories based on _____.
Sir Frederick C. Bartlett found that participants in his study tended to reconstruct memories based on _____.
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Mary participates in a study where she is asked to read the following words: 'frigid, chilly, winter, freeze, shiver, frost, air, wet' - and she is asked to write down all of the words she remembers. She includes 'snow' in the list of words she remembers, even though 'snow' wasn't on the list. This is an example of _____ using the ______ method.
Mary participates in a study where she is asked to read the following words: 'frigid, chilly, winter, freeze, shiver, frost, air, wet' - and she is asked to write down all of the words she remembers. She includes 'snow' in the list of words she remembers, even though 'snow' wasn't on the list. This is an example of _____ using the ______ method.
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_____ amnesia is to the events before the damage as _____ amnesia is to events following damage.
_____ amnesia is to the events before the damage as _____ amnesia is to events following damage.
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_____ involves unintentional retrieval of memory.
_____ involves unintentional retrieval of memory.
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Anne suffers from amnesia and cannot remember she keeps her knitting materials in her living room or that she has spent years knitting. However, once she sits down, she knits effortlessly. Anne has an intact _____.
Anne suffers from amnesia and cannot remember she keeps her knitting materials in her living room or that she has spent years knitting. However, once she sits down, she knits effortlessly. Anne has an intact _____.
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Study Notes
Attention Concepts
- Bottleneck: Attention filters out irrelevant information, focusing only on what is attended to.
- Shadow Tasking: Similar to multitasking; performing an important task while managing distractions.
- Cocktail Party Effect: The ability to notice specific stimuli (e.g., your name) amidst a noisy environment.
- Attenuated Information: Some information can be processed if deemed relevant, based on rankings of importance in Treisman’s model.
Attention Mechanisms
- Dictionary Unit: Lower threshold for certain information increases likelihood of being noticed.
- Dual-Task Method: Performance comparison in multitasking versus single tasks reveals decreased efficiency when tasks are combined.
- Feature Integration Model: Developed by Anne Treisman, explaining how we combine features (like color and shape) to identify objects.
Visual and Memory Processing
- Conjunction Target: Example includes identifying a specific item that requires integration of distinct features (e.g., color and shape).
- Hippocampus Role: Critical for forming new memories; damage leads to memory impairment.
- Sensory Memory: Brief retention of information that fades quickly; exemplified by fleeting visual impressions.
Types of Memory
- Long-Term vs. Short-Term Memory: Long-term retains extensive information, while short-term holds smaller amounts for brief periods.
- Proactive & Retroactive Interference: Proactive involves old information disrupting new; retroactive involves new interfering with recall of old.
- Semantic Memory: Memory for general knowledge, such as facts and concepts; contrasted with procedural memory for tasks like driving.
Encoding and Retrieval
- Deep vs. Shallow Processing: Deeper encoding (e.g., meaningful associations) leads to better retrieval than superficial processing.
- Retrieval Cues: Increasing retrieval cues can enhance memory recall.
- Spacing Effect: Studying over time improves retention compared to cramming.
Memory Errors and Effects
- Primacy and Recency Effects: Early and recent items in lists are more easily recalled; linked to long-term and short-term memory respectively.
- Environmental Context Effects: Studying in the same context as learning enhances retrieval.
- Mood-Dependent Effects: Emotional states during learning can affect recall performance.
Amnesia and Memory Types
- Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memories prior to a brain injury.
- Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories after an injury.
- Implicit Memory: Unconscious retrieval of skills and tasks; contrasted with explicit memory which requires conscious thought.
Memory Distortions
- Suggestibility: Altering memories based on external influences or misinformation.
- False Memory: Recalling events that did not occur; demonstrated using the DRM procedure showing how related words can create false memories.
- Cultural Biases: Memory reconstructions influenced by participant's cultural background and experiences.
Important Figures and Theories
- Daniel Schacter: Identified "seven sins of memory," which encompass various ways memory can fail.
- Consolidation: The process by which memories are stabilized and stored permanently, influenced by factors like sleep.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in cognition with these flashcards designed for PSYC 135 at SJSU. Explore terms like 'bottleneck' and 'shadow tasking' that are crucial for understanding attention and cognitive processes. Ideal for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their learning.
