PSY432 Anatomy Unit 1 Quiz

Study Notes

Organ Systems and Anatomy

The study of anatomy focuses on the structure, shape, and relationship of body parts.
Anatomy is categorized into Gross Anatomy (visible structures) and Microscopic Anatomy (study of cells and tissues).
Functional Anatomy examines how structure relates to function within the body.

Basic Elements of Humans

Human organisms are primarily composed of four elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.
Human body is approximately 60-70% fluid.

Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy studies the structure and function of the nervous system, emphasizing the relationship between structure and behavior.
Neurotransmitters function at the molecular/chemical level, while neurons are the basic nerve cells at the cellular level.
Ganglia refer to clusters of nerve cell bodies, and nuclei are groups of neurons with similar functions.

Functional and Clinical Neuroanatomy

Functional Neuroanatomy addresses the operations of different neuroanatomical parts and their role in behavior.
Clinical Neuroanatomy relates to diseases and disorders affecting the nervous system.

Structural Organization of the Human Body

Cells are the smallest functional units and consist of combinations of atoms and molecules.
Tissues combine cells to perform specific functions.
Organs are composed of tissues working together to fulfill a specific function.

Nervous System Organization

The nervous system is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
The autonomic nervous system is further categorized into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions.

Key Neuroanatomical Structures

Essential brain structures include:
- Hippocampus: involved in memory formation.
- Hypothalamus: regulates various homeostatic functions.
- Amygdala: plays a role in emotion and behavior.
- Cerebrum: responsible for higher functions including thought and action.
- Cerebellum: coordinates movement and balance.
- Brain stem: controls basic life functions.

Systems Overview

The limbic system influences emotions and memory.
Basal ganglia are associated with movement regulation.

Cranial Nerves Overview

Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory
- Function: Sensory for smell
- Origin: Cerebrum
Cranial Nerve II: Optic
- Function: Sensory for vision
- Origin: Cerebrum
Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor
- Function: Motor for eye movements including eyelid elevation, pupillary constriction, and lens accommodation
- Origin: Midbrain
Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear
- Function: Motor for eye movement
- Origin: Midbrain
Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal
- Function:
  - Sensory for facial touch (anterior 2/3 of the face)
  - Motor for mastication (biting and chewing)
- Origin: Pons
Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens
- Function: Motor for eye movement
- Origin: Pontomedullary region
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
- Function:
  - Sensory for taste (anterior 2/3 of the tongue)
  - Motor for facial expressions, eyelid closing, and salivation
- Origin: Pontomedullary region
Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear
- Function: Sensory for balance and hearing
- Origin: Pontomedullary region
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
- Function:
  - Sensory for taste and sensation (posterior 1/3 of the tongue)
  - Motor for swallowing and salivation
- Origin: Medulla oblongata
Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
- Function:
  - Sensory for skin of the ear, pharynx, larynx, abdomen, and taste/sensation from the epiglottis
  - Motor for swallowing, speech, and coughing
  - Autonomic functions: Parasympathetic control
- Origin: Medulla oblongata
Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory
- Function: Motor for shoulder shrug and head turning
- Origin: Medulla oblongata; involves spinal components
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
- Function: Motor for tongue movement
- Origin: Medulla oblongata