PSY 360 Final Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Who skimmed the chapter quickly and wanted to comment during group discussions?

Deon

Which student is determined to be the first to complete the math assignment?

Lanea

Who struggled with a science question and is considered a perfectionist?

Deloris

Which student got into a study group with friends and is learning French?

<p>Ron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which teacher is likely to motivate students to pursue learning goals?

<p>Ms. Compton</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is success attributed to stable causes?

<p>Success attributed to inherited intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which student is most likely motivated to choose more difficult academic tasks?

<p>Marla</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy should Mr. Jacobs avoid to increase positive achievement emotions?

<p>Use performance goal orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is Evan most likely to experience academic anxiety?

<p>When he sets performance goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a way students learn self-control?

<p>Getting lectured about their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classroom rule is worded most appropriately?

<p>Walk in hallways and stairwells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a natural consequence of being late to class?

<p>Staying after class or school to make up time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which desk arrangement is most appropriate for independent work?

<p>Traditional row and column</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most basic classroom management task for teachers?

<p>To gain and maintain student cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior should a teacher deal with first?

<p>A student shoving another student</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT effective for promoting smooth transitions?

<p>Give directions for all activities at the start</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which teacher response to misbehavior is most intrusive?

<p>Telling the student to stop the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which 'I' statement is more appropriate?

<p>It's hard for me to concentrate when it's so noisy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classroom activity would lead to a positive school climate?

<p>Students setting goals for achieving a prize</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is a good classroom rule?

<p>Listen and stay seated while others are speaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What seating arrangement is likely to build cohesion in a brainstorming session?

<p>Fishbowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of response is not activated by mirror neurons?

<p>Autonomic nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory holds information no longer than 3 seconds?

<p>Sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of multitasking is most likely to result in poor task performance?

<p>Simultaneous multitasking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cognitive load refers to problems unrelated to the cognitive task?

<p>Extrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Problems with peers in the classroom is an example of which type of cognitive load that could interfere with learning?

<p>Extrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of maintenance rehearsal?

<p>Repeating the names of the planets over and over</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rehearsal is more likely to result in information being stored in long-term memory?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of knowledge is often the most difficult for students to access?

<p>Conditional</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is elaboration (in the context of learning)?

<p>Connecting information you need to learn with information you already know</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory system requires conscious awareness?

<p>Explicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the following learning situations, which one is described in a way that illustrates a cognitive view of learning?

<p>Carla listened to a lesson about fractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kele has a history assignment that requires her to recall the events of World War II. Which kind of cognitive load is required for her to apply knowledge from two units?

<p>Germane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rico is learning the steps to check his grades. What kind of knowledge is he using?

<p>Procedural</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the standardized test, which student demonstrates implicit long-term memory?

<p>Haley's hand shakes with anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mrs. O'Connor assigns a math task without reviewing prior knowledge. What type of knowledge do students seem to lack?

<p>Procedural knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stefano prepared a presentation but his printer failed. This type of memory retrieval is:

<p>Spreading activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Celeste is using the first letter of keywords to remember steps in a procedure. What process is she using?

<p>Mnemonic technique of creating an acronym</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mrs. Thomas has chunked new science unit information. What is the first thing she must do to help students learn?

<p>Gain students' attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is distributed practice?

<p>Studying information intermittently and repeatedly over a period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is massed practice?

<p>Studying information in one block of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of metacognition?

<p>Repeating information over and over</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metacognition can be learned and improved.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would be most likely to result in a production deficiency?

<p>Learning strategy takes too long.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Even if you don't review your notes, taking them in the first place increases your likelihood of learning.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of knowledge is most closely related to metacognition?

<p>Conditional</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills can be learned from teacher modeling?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which visual learning tool is most useful for comparing and contrasting concepts?

<p>Venn diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

Your interpretation of a problem is called a __________.

<p>translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive bias results in searching for information that confirms your existing beliefs?

<p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which visual learning tool is most useful for representing hierarchical concepts?

<p>Mind map</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which teacher is helping students develop metacognitive skills in writing?

<p>Ask about parts of the memory process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new student arrived at school. What information will receive Mrs. Kimble's attention?

<p>The student didn't answer her</p> Signup and view all the answers

During history class, one of the students rolled a baseball. What likely hindered Ms. Durango from solving the problem?

<p>Representativeness heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Matthew corrected his teacher's comment about his analytical thinking. What attribute is he demonstrating?

<p>Belief perseverance</p> Signup and view all the answers

In her reading group, Mrs. Casey asked students to draw a picture to represent the new word 'dugout'. Which student used divergent thinking?

<p>Julio drew a bear in a dugout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the following descriptions, which student exhibits the highest degree of creativity?

<p>Leo, who uses metaphors and is curious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question requires students to think critically?

<p>Explain why Greenland belongs to North America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ms. Kovalik is teaching her students to identify the main idea. Which is most likely to help her achieve this goal?

<p>Provide practice for overlearning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which students would benefit the most from learning activities involving argumentation?

<p>High school students</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thinking results in coming up with more than one solution to a problem?

<p>Divergent thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a culture of thinking in the classroom? (Select all that apply)

<p>An expectation that students will learn to make and counter arguments based on evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is best at argumentation?

<p>Adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics best meet the criteria for creativity?

<p>Original and useful</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would a critical thinker be likely to do? (Select all that apply)

<p>Test hypotheses in methodical ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do students who offer the explanation represent?

<p>students who offer the explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In jigsaw learning, group members are only tested on the material they were responsible for learning.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which describes cooperation?

<p>a way of working with others to attain a shared goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reciprocal teaching strategy is used most often but least effectively?

<p>Asking a question about the central point</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning facilitates knowledge construction in the classroom?

<p>Student-centered</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the following classrooms, which teacher's lesson plan is most likely to result in deep learning?

<p>The teacher opens the lesson with a review of prior learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other central idea in constructivist theories regarding knowledge construction?

<p>Learners are active in constructing their own knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning environment is LEAST likely to meet constructivist perspectives?

<p>Lecturing from PowerPoint notes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What teaching approach is being utilized when students formulate hypotheses and collect data?

<p>Inquiry learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is Mr. McKay using in discussing limited resources for homeless students?

<p>Problem-based learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure are students using when summarizing a passage and generating questions?

<p>Reciprocal teaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Mr. Phillips need to change about his cooperative learning groups?

<p>Place a student who is different with a tolerant peer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional learning activity must be involved for the tutoring project to exhibit service learning characteristics?

<p>Reflect and write about the service experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of model is more effective for a struggling learner?

<p>A low-achieving classmate who is able to complete an academic task with effort and persistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a student sees a classmate cheat without punishment, what is likely to happen?

<p>They will be more likely to cheat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of vicarious experience increasing self-efficacy?

<p>A student learns that a classmate in the same reading group scored high on the last reading test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self-regulation is missing if a student understands the assignment but doesn't do quality work?

<p>Volition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source of self-efficacy is more likely to endure over time?

<p>Mastery experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element of observational learning is illustrated when Staci stops running?

<p>Vicarious reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ms. Hernandez likely to do to help students improve narrative writing?

<p>Set short-term goals related to the task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which student is most likely to have the highest motivation to achieve?

<p>Connor, who overestimates but is optimistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lacking in Alan's case if he doesn't submit a drawing for the yearbook?

<p>Volition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of Mr. McKay's work with students on their project rubric?

<p>Shared regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which student most closely demonstrates social awareness?

<p>Nikki, who wants to help a family in need</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should teachers avoid to support self-regulation and efficacy?

<p>Design basic tasks addressing a single goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Mr. Barclay's practices support self-regulated learning?

<p>Students take a unit exam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rewarding students with a gold star for turning in homework is an example of which approach?

<p>Behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive evaluation theory, in which scenario would students be more motivated?

<p>A teacher assigns students a report on any aspect of climate change and recommends previous resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a mastery goal?

<p>A student who loves heavy metal music wants to learn how to play the drums.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which student would be more motivated to study for a test according to attribution theory?

<p>A student who failed a test because they came down with the flu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which goal orientation is more likely to result in long-term academic success?

<p>Mastery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relating academic content to real-life problems is most beneficial for which phase of interest development?

<p>Maintaining situational interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you failed an exam for not studying, what emotion are you likely to feel?

<p>Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a problem-focused strategy for reducing anxiety?

<p>Making note cards as a study aid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of anxiety is optimal for performance on important exams?

<p>A little anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of task motivates students most?

<p>A valuable task they believe they can accomplish</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which student appears to be intrinsically motivated?

<p>Shonda, who reads her mystery book consistently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach to motivation does Ms. Jovanovic use for her students?

<p>Behavioral approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mirror Neurons and Responses

  • Autonomic nervous system activity does not engage mirror neurons, which are instead linked to motor activity and empathy.

Types of Memory

  • Sensory memory holds information for less than 3 seconds.
  • Short-term memory and working memory function with limited duration and capacity.
  • Long-term memory stores information beyond the short-term limits.

Multitasking and Cognitive Load

  • Simultaneous multitasking results in poorer performance compared to sequential multitasking.
  • Extrinsic cognitive load relates to external problems impacting learning, such as peer issues.
  • Germane cognitive load involves deep processing and integrations of prior knowledge.

Rehearsal Techniques

  • Maintenance rehearsal involves simple repetition, while elaborative rehearsal connects new information with existing knowledge, enhancing long-term retention.

Knowledge Types

  • Conditional knowledge, concerning the application of strategies, is often hardest for students to retrieve.
  • Procedural knowledge refers to the skills and processes required to perform tasks effectively.

Learning and Memory Techniques

  • Elaboration enhances learning by linking new content to familiar concepts.
  • Spreading activation retrieval helps recall related memories based on connections.
  • Acronyms are mnemonic devices for remembering lists or sequences.

Metacognition and Learning Strategies

  • Metacognition involves awareness of one’s learning processes and can be cultivated.
  • Providing practice to the point of overlearning is key for retaining skills, particularly in content areas.
  • Argumentation activities are most beneficial for high school students, fostering critical thinking.

Visual Learning Tools

  • Venn diagrams are effective for comparing and contrasting concepts.
  • Mind maps visualize hierarchical relationships among ideas.

Critical Thinking and Creativity

  • Critical thinking includes asking clarifying questions and testing hypotheses.
  • Creativity is defined as being both original and useful, not just entertaining.

Collaboration and Cooperation

  • Cooperation fosters group work towards shared goals, differing from competition among individuals.
  • Jigsaw learning tests students on the broader material, not just their specific sections.

Teaching and Learning Practices

  • Constructivist theories emphasize the significance of social interactions in knowledge construction.
  • Student-centered learning promotes deeper understanding compared to teacher-centered approaches.

Applications of Learning Strategies

  • Teachers are encouraged to open lessons with reviews or discussions to enhance comprehension and retention.### Constructivist Learning
  • Learners actively construct their own knowledge.
  • Teachers play a crucial role in facilitating this construction process.
  • Education environments should reflect constructivist perspectives.

Classroom Environments

  • A simulation task (e.g., space station activity) aligns with constructivist principles.
  • Scheduling time for students to suggest practical applications of learning supports engagement.
  • Providing a checklist for assignment tracking emphasizes responsibility but is less aligned with constructivist ideals.
  • Relying on PowerPoint lectures limits interaction and does not promote active learning.

Teaching Approaches

  • Inquiry learning involves students formulating hypotheses and conducting experiments (e.g., testing plant growth without sunlight).
  • Problem-based learning encourages students to consult resources and seek feedback on real-world issues (e.g., solutions for homeless students).
  • Reciprocal teaching allows students to teach and quiz each other, fostering comprehension in reading.

Cooperative Learning

  • Group composition should consider social dynamics, ensuring tolerant peers are included with those perceived as different.

Service Learning

  • Reflection on service experiences enhances learning outcomes, making the activity more impactful.

Motivation and Self-Regulation

  • Low-achieving peers who succeed through effort serve as better role models for struggling learners than high achievers.
  • Observing classmates cheat may increase the likelihood of cheating behavior among students.
  • Student experiences of vicarious success can enhance self-efficacy.
  • Missing volition is characterized by a lack of action toward desired outcomes, even if knowledge and motivation are present.
  • Mastery experiences build long-term self-efficacy.
  • Vicarious reinforcement encourages behavior modification based on observing others.

Emotional and Social Skills

  • Demonstrating social awareness involves empathizing with others' difficulties and wanting to help.
  • Avoid simplistic task designs; instead, cultivate student choice and collaborative environments for better self-regulation outcomes.

Reward Approaches

  • Behavioral motivation involves using tangible rewards for specific behaviors (e.g., homework compliance).
  • Intrinsically motivated students engage in activities for personal satisfaction (e.g., reading for pleasure).

Goal Orientation

  • Mastery goals, focused on personal improvement, are linked to greater long-term success compared to performance goals that emphasize outcome over process.
  • Situational interest can be maintained by relating material to real-life issues.

Coping Strategies

  • Problem-focused strategies, such as creating study aids, can alleviate anxiety more effectively than avoidance strategies.

Academic Pressure

  • Moderate levels of anxiety can enhance performance, while extreme anxiety typically interferes.
  • Success is often more attributed to stable causes (e.g., innate intelligence), influencing future task selection motivations.
  • Teachers should foster positive engagement by matching task challenges to skill levels and maximizing student enjoyment in learning tasks.

Reducing Boredom

  • Encouraging self-regulation and intrinsic motivations should take precedence over strict performance goals.### Classroom Management Strategies
  • Making choices and understanding consequences is crucial for student learning.
  • Teachers often confront behavior issues through discussions or lectures, addressing inappropriate actions directly.
  • Effective dispute mediation skills are essential for fostering a peaceful classroom atmosphere.
  • Setting clear goals and guiding students to work towards them enhances motivation and focus.

Classroom Rules

  • The rule "walk in hallways and stairwells" promotes safety and is worded appropriately.
  • Natural consequences are more impactful, e.g., staying after class for being late, rather than punitive measures like writing lines.
  • Independent work is best supported with traditional row and column desk arrangements.

Key Teacher Responsibilities

  • Gaining and maintaining student cooperation is the most fundamental task for teachers to create a positive learning environment.
  • Addressing aggressive behaviors, such as shoving, should take priority over less disruptive actions like talking out of turn.
  • Smooth transitions in class can be facilitated by displaying schedules rather than overwhelming students with all activity details at once.

Responses to Misbehavior

  • Telling students to stop a behavior is the most intrusive response, while non-intrusive methods include making eye contact or reminding them of rules.
  • Effective "I" statements encourage clear communication about how behaviors affect the teacher's ability to teach, e.g., "It's hard for me to concentrate when it's noisy."

Positive Classroom Climate

  • Encouraging students to set individual goals for rewards fosters a supportive school climate, contrasting with competitive environments based on test scores.
  • Properly worded classroom rules, such as sitting and listening while others speak, enhance respect and cooperation among students.

Seating Arrangements for Engagement

  • Using a fishbowl seating arrangement can build cohesion and promote participation during discussions, especially for brainstorming sessions on group projects.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards for the PSY 360 final exam. Covering topics like mirror neurons and memory types, this quiz helps reinforce critical concepts in psychology. Perfect for quick revision before the exam!

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