PSY 360 Final Flashcards

Mirror Neurons and Responses

• Autonomic nervous system activity does not engage mirror neurons, which are instead linked to motor activity and empathy.

Types of Memory

• Sensory memory holds information for less than 3 seconds.
• Short-term memory and working memory function with limited duration and capacity.
• Long-term memory stores information beyond the short-term limits.

Multitasking and Cognitive Load

• Simultaneous multitasking results in poorer performance compared to sequential multitasking.
• Extrinsic cognitive load relates to external problems impacting learning, such as peer issues.
• Germane cognitive load involves deep processing and integrations of prior knowledge.

Rehearsal Techniques

• Maintenance rehearsal involves simple repetition, while elaborative rehearsal connects new information with existing knowledge, enhancing long-term retention.

Knowledge Types

• Conditional knowledge, concerning the application of strategies, is often hardest for students to retrieve.
• Procedural knowledge refers to the skills and processes required to perform tasks effectively.

Learning and Memory Techniques

• Elaboration enhances learning by linking new content to familiar concepts.
• Spreading activation retrieval helps recall related memories based on connections.
• Acronyms are mnemonic devices for remembering lists or sequences.

Metacognition and Learning Strategies

• Metacognition involves awareness of one’s learning processes and can be cultivated.
• Providing practice to the point of overlearning is key for retaining skills, particularly in content areas.
• Argumentation activities are most beneficial for high school students, fostering critical thinking.

Visual Learning Tools

• Venn diagrams are effective for comparing and contrasting concepts.
• Mind maps visualize hierarchical relationships among ideas.

Critical Thinking and Creativity

• Critical thinking includes asking clarifying questions and testing hypotheses.
• Creativity is defined as being both original and useful, not just entertaining.

Collaboration and Cooperation

• Cooperation fosters group work towards shared goals, differing from competition among individuals.
• Jigsaw learning tests students on the broader material, not just their specific sections.

Teaching and Learning Practices

• Constructivist theories emphasize the significance of social interactions in knowledge construction.
• Student-centered learning promotes deeper understanding compared to teacher-centered approaches.

Applications of Learning Strategies

• Teachers are encouraged to open lessons with reviews or discussions to enhance comprehension and retention.### Constructivist Learning
• Learners actively construct their own knowledge.
• Teachers play a crucial role in facilitating this construction process.
• Education environments should reflect constructivist perspectives.

Classroom Environments

• A simulation task (e.g., space station activity) aligns with constructivist principles.
• Scheduling time for students to suggest practical applications of learning supports engagement.
• Providing a checklist for assignment tracking emphasizes responsibility but is less aligned with constructivist ideals.
• Relying on PowerPoint lectures limits interaction and does not promote active learning.

Teaching Approaches

• Inquiry learning involves students formulating hypotheses and conducting experiments (e.g., testing plant growth without sunlight).
• Problem-based learning encourages students to consult resources and seek feedback on real-world issues (e.g., solutions for homeless students).
• Reciprocal teaching allows students to teach and quiz each other, fostering comprehension in reading.

Cooperative Learning

• Group composition should consider social dynamics, ensuring tolerant peers are included with those perceived as different.

Service Learning

• Reflection on service experiences enhances learning outcomes, making the activity more impactful.

Motivation and Self-Regulation

• Low-achieving peers who succeed through effort serve as better role models for struggling learners than high achievers.
• Observing classmates cheat may increase the likelihood of cheating behavior among students.
• Student experiences of vicarious success can enhance self-efficacy.
• Missing volition is characterized by a lack of action toward desired outcomes, even if knowledge and motivation are present.
• Mastery experiences build long-term self-efficacy.
• Vicarious reinforcement encourages behavior modification based on observing others.

Emotional and Social Skills

• Demonstrating social awareness involves empathizing with others' difficulties and wanting to help.
• Avoid simplistic task designs; instead, cultivate student choice and collaborative environments for better self-regulation outcomes.

Reward Approaches

• Behavioral motivation involves using tangible rewards for specific behaviors (e.g., homework compliance).
• Intrinsically motivated students engage in activities for personal satisfaction (e.g., reading for pleasure).

Goal Orientation

• Mastery goals, focused on personal improvement, are linked to greater long-term success compared to performance goals that emphasize outcome over process.
• Situational interest can be maintained by relating material to real-life issues.

Coping Strategies

• Problem-focused strategies, such as creating study aids, can alleviate anxiety more effectively than avoidance strategies.

Academic Pressure

• Moderate levels of anxiety can enhance performance, while extreme anxiety typically interferes.
• Success is often more attributed to stable causes (e.g., innate intelligence), influencing future task selection motivations.
• Teachers should foster positive engagement by matching task challenges to skill levels and maximizing student enjoyment in learning tasks.

Reducing Boredom

• Encouraging self-regulation and intrinsic motivations should take precedence over strict performance goals.### Classroom Management Strategies
• Making choices and understanding consequences is crucial for student learning.
• Teachers often confront behavior issues through discussions or lectures, addressing inappropriate actions directly.
• Effective dispute mediation skills are essential for fostering a peaceful classroom atmosphere.
• Setting clear goals and guiding students to work towards them enhances motivation and focus.

Classroom Rules

• The rule "walk in hallways and stairwells" promotes safety and is worded appropriately.
• Natural consequences are more impactful, e.g., staying after class for being late, rather than punitive measures like writing lines.
• Independent work is best supported with traditional row and column desk arrangements.

Key Teacher Responsibilities

• Gaining and maintaining student cooperation is the most fundamental task for teachers to create a positive learning environment.
• Addressing aggressive behaviors, such as shoving, should take priority over less disruptive actions like talking out of turn.
• Smooth transitions in class can be facilitated by displaying schedules rather than overwhelming students with all activity details at once.

Responses to Misbehavior

• Telling students to stop a behavior is the most intrusive response, while non-intrusive methods include making eye contact or reminding them of rules.
• Effective "I" statements encourage clear communication about how behaviors affect the teacher's ability to teach, e.g., "It's hard for me to concentrate when it's noisy."

Positive Classroom Climate

• Encouraging students to set individual goals for rewards fosters a supportive school climate, contrasting with competitive environments based on test scores.
• Properly worded classroom rules, such as sitting and listening while others speak, enhance respect and cooperation among students.

Seating Arrangements for Engagement

• Using a fishbowl seating arrangement can build cohesion and promote participation during discussions, especially for brainstorming sessions on group projects.