PSY 201 Final Exam Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy?

To change physiological factors causing disorders

To analyze biological predispositions to depression

To provide medication for psychological disorders

To discover and address negative thought patterns (correct)

Which statement best describes a belief held by cognitive psychologists regarding depression?

Therapeutic interventions have no effect on biochemistry

Only biological factors contribute to depression risk

Positive thinking guarantees freedom from depression

Negative thoughts can worsen one's psychological state (correct)

According to the evidence against cognitive therapies, what other factors contribute to psychological disorders?

Unique life experiences and personal choices

Genetic predispositions and biological factors (correct)

An individual’s level of education and intelligence

Lack of support from therapeutic interventions

What therapeutic approach did Aaron Beck develop?

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with successful cognitive therapies?

Increased ability to think positively and manage symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What concept is Solomon Asch primarily associated with?

Conformity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following researchers conducted experiments related to obedience?

Stanley Milgram Signup and view all the answers

Leon Festinger's research contributes to which psychological concept?

Cognitive dissonance Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Philip Zimbardo's experiments?

Impact of roles on behavior Signup and view all the answers

In Milgram's obedience experiments, what percentage of participants administered high levels of shocks?

Roughly 65% Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Lev Vygotsky introduce that emphasizes the importance of guidance in learning?

Zone of Proximal Development Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher is known for studying the impact of framing on perception and judgment?

Elizabeth Loftus Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept does Jean Piaget's theory focus on?

Stages of Cognitive Development Signup and view all the answers

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus primarily research in psychology?

Memory and Relearning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how thought processes affect behavior according to the content?

They influence actions through problem-solving and perception. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychological science, what is emphasized in understanding decision-making and perception?

The use of brain scanning techniques Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with memory according to Ebbinghaus's findings?

Social Memory Signup and view all the answers

What does the Misinformation Effect suggest about memory?

Memory can change based on misleading information. Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the development of disorders like depression?

Learned behaviors and associations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the development of disorders?

Environmental factors only Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the causes of depression?

It can develop only from genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true concerning the causes of psychological disorders?

They can result from multiple interrelated factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about depression is incorrect?

Depression has no external factors Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviors often contribute to the onset of disorders?

Learned behaviors Signup and view all the answers

When addressing psychological disorders, which aspect is critical to consider?

The interplay between various factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor in the misunderstanding of depression's origins?

Assuming it is strictly genetic Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major components of a neuron and their functions in facilitating an action potential?

Soma, Axon, Myelin Sheath Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory?

The psychosocial stages of development Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the ability to focus and maintain attention during learning?

Long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive behavioral therapy?

Identifying and changing negative thought patterns Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social psychology, what distinguishes groupthink from group polarization?

Groupthink results in poorer decision-making; group polarization intensifies shared views. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion of the Big Five personality traits?

Narcissism Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a lack of emotional bond and fear of closeness?

Avoidant attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of heuristics in problem-solving?

To simplify complex problems for faster decisions Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences becoming more likely to occur?

Law of Effect Signup and view all the answers

What does Mary Ainsworth's research primarily focus on?

Attachment Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by high demand and low responsiveness?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development does Erik Erikson emphasize during adolescence?

Peer approval and relationships Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves learning by observing others?

Observational Learning Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher is known for studying attachment bonds using monkeys?

Harry Harlow Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'latent learning' refer to?

Learning without reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Freud's psychosocial development is concerned with the development of sexual identity?

Phallic Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Kenneth Gergen's research mentioned in the content?

Interdependence and ethics in women Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to reinforcement and punishment shaping behavior as highlighted by B.F. Skinner?

Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

PSY 201 Final Exam Topics

Synapse: Basic unit of communication between neurons.
Occipital Lobe: Visual processing area in the brain.
Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter crucial for various functions.
Thalamus: Relay station for sensory information.
Corpus Callosum: Connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
Axon: Part of a neuron that transmits signals away from the cell body.
Amygdala: Brain structure involved in emotions, particularly fear.
Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli.
The Social Clock: Societal expectations for major life events.
Erik Erikson: Stage theory of psychosocial development.
Attachment: How infants form relationships with caregivers.
Concrete Operational: Stage of cognitive development (Piaget).
Jean Piaget: Cognitive theorist, assimilation, accommodation.
Post Conventional: Stage of moral development (Piaget).
Neurons: 3 major components: dendrites, cell body, axon. Explain their function and action potential.
Teratogens: Agents that can cause birth defects.
Generalization: Learning that a response applies to similar stimuli.
Discrimination: Learning to distinguish between similar but different stimuli.
Extinction: Weakening of a conditioned response through lack of reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement: Increases a behavior by providing a desirable stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
Punishment: Weakening of a behavior through unpleasant consequences.
Albert Bandura: Observational learning.
Types of Learning: Studied by Albert Bandura (Modeling)
Deep/Shallow Processing: Levels of information processing during learning.
Effortful/Automatic Processing: Different ways to process information.
Mental Set: Tendency to approach a problem in a certain way.
Iconic/Echoic Sensory Memory: Sensory memory.
Long-term Potentiation: Strengthening of neural connections through repeated stimulation.
Retroactive/Proactive Interference: How past learning affects new learning.
Heuristics/Algorithms: Problem-solving strategies.
Syntax: Rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.
Crystallized/Fluid Intelligence: Types of intelligence.
Asch Conformity Experiment: Conformity study.
Groupthink vs Group Polarization: Group behavior
Social Facilitation: Enhancement of performance in the presence of others.
Subtle Racism: Subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination.
Superordinate Goals: Shared goals that motivate people to cooperate.
Social Responsibility Norm: Helping others in need.
Passionate/Companionate Love: Different types of love.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Treatment approach focused on thoughts and behaviors.
Leon Festinger: Cognitive dissonance.
Elaboration Likelihood Model: Model of persuasion.
Proximity: Factor influencing attraction.
Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs.
Maturation/Gestation: Biological/developmental process
Carl Jung: Collective unconscious; archetypes
Carl Rogers: Humanistic perspective
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic perspectives, various theories
Factor Analysis: Statistical technique used in personality analysis
Oedipus Complex/Electra Complex: Psychoanalytic concepts involving family dynamics.
Latency Stage (Freud): Psychoanalytic developmental stage
Id/Ego/Superego: Psychoanalytic concepts defining personality
Mental Disorders: All mental disorders and categories will be discussed.
Classical Conditioning: Learning through association
Counter Conditioning: Invoking new responses to stimuli (unwanted behavior)
Exposure Therapy: Gradually exposing someone to feared stimuli.
Systematic Desensitization: Relaxing association with fearful stimuli (anxiety)
Aversive Conditioning: Creating an unpleasant association with an unwanted behavior
Token Economy: Use of tokens for good behavior reinforcement
Baby Albert Experiment: Study on classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov: Discovered classical conditioning.
John B. Watson: Behaviorist; conditioned 'Baby Albert'.
B.F. Skinner: Researcher on operant conditioning.
Cognitive Psychology Explanations and Treatment: Cognitions affect biochemistry.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: Therapy founded by Albert Ellis.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Therapy founded by Aaron Beck
Evolutionary Psychology: Focuses on role of evolution in behavior.
Evolutionary Disadvantage : Factors that reduce chances of survival or propagation
Evolutionary advantage: Factors that raise chances of survival, survival & procreation
Sociocultural Influences: Influence of society and culture on development
Zimbardo Prison Study Experiment: Impact of social roles and situational factors on behavior.
Asch Conformity Experiment: Conformity to group pressure in decision-making process,
Milgram Obedience Experiment: Obedience to authority.
Chinese/Canadian Experiment: Cultural influence on cognitive processes and behavior
- Explanations for Behavior: Influences of society and culture (roles, conformity, and presence of other). Cultural impact on responses, attitudes, and thinking/behavior.
- Treatment of Abnormal Behavior: Various therapies, rational-emotive behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapies, psychoanalysis, counter-conditioning, humanistic therapy, and systematic desensitization.
Humanistic Psychology: Focuses on individual potential and free will, self-actualization and hierarchy of needs

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Description

Prepare for your PSY 201 final exam with this comprehensive quiz covering essential topics such as synapses, the occipital lobe, neurotransmitters, and stages of development. Test your knowledge on key concepts like attachment, cognitive theories, and the social clock. This quiz is designed to help reinforce your understanding of psychology fundamentals.