PSIO120 Module 1 Revision: Respiratory System

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Questions and Answers

What role does the respiratory system play in homeostasis?

Facilitates exchange of gases (correct)

Processes nutrients from the digestive system

Facilitates digestion of food

Regulates hormone levels

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of respiration?

Photosynthesis (correct)

Pulmonary ventilation

Internal respiration

External respiration

What is the primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Transportation of nutrients

Gas exchange between blood and air

Regulation of blood pressure

Conduits to gas exchange sites (correct)

Which organs are part of the lower respiratory system?

Trachea and bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for creating the pressure gradient necessary for respiration?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What can be defined as the site of gas exchange within the respiratory system?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pulmonary ventilation?

Moving air in and out of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the exchange of gases between systemic blood vessels and tissues?

Internal respiration Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium composes the mucosa of the trachea?

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Type II alveolar cells?

Producing lung surfactant Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure always remains negative and fluctuates with breathing?

Intrapleural pressure Signup and view all the answers

The right lung is divided into how many lobes?

3 lobes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following layers is NOT part of the tracheal wall?

Endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of pulmonary veins?

Carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart Signup and view all the answers

What law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Boyle’s Law Signup and view all the answers

How many orders of branching occur in the bronchial tree?

23 orders Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

Provides lubrication and surface tension Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nasal conchae during inhalation?

To filter and moisten air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?

Temporal bone Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a divider within the nasal cavity?

Nasal septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the nasal mucosa and conchae during exhalation?

To release moisture and heat Signup and view all the answers

What connects the larynx to the nasal cavity and mouth?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nose is described as a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex?

Philtrum Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the nose?

Provides airway, moistens air, filters air Signup and view all the answers

What are the posterior nasal apertures also known as?

Choanae Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

Facilitates gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmosphere, blood, and tissues.
Contributes to homeostasis and pH adjustment of body fluids.
Serves as an interface between external and internal environments.

Respiration Processes

Involves respiratory and circulatory systems to supply O2 and dispose of CO2.
Four main processes:
- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs.
- External respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood.
- Transport: movement of O2 and CO2 within blood.
- Internal respiration: gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues.

Structural Components of the Respiratory System

Upper respiratory:
- Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx.
Lower respiratory:
- Larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs and alveoli.

Conducting Zone vs. Respiratory Zone

Conducting zone: pathways to gas exchange sites (includes nose to terminal bronchioles).
Respiratory zone: sites of gas exchange (includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli).
Respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm, assist in pressure control for breathing.

Functions of the Nose

Two main regions: external nose and nasal cavity.
Functions: provides airway, moistens and warms air, filters and cleans air, acts as a resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors.

Nasal Cavity Features

Contains conchae (turbinates) that increase mucosal area and air turbulence.
Meatuses improve surface area for warming and moistening air.
Nasal mucosa filters and warms air during inhalation, reclaiming heat and moisture during exhalation.

Paranasal Sinuses

Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
Lighten skull, warm/moisten air, and serve as resonating chambers.

Pharynx Structure

Muscular tube connecting nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus.
Divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Larynx Functions

Connects to hyoid bone, continuous with trachea.
Functions include providing a patent airway, routing air and food, and voice production.

Trachea Structure

Windpipe extending from larynx into mediastinum.
Made of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage (C-shaped rings), and adventitia.

Bronchi Structure

A series of branching air passages known as the bronchial (respiratory) tree.
Bifurcation of trachea forms left and right primary bronchi.

Conducting Zone Structures

Lobar bronchus divides into segmental bronchi, which further divide.
Terminal bronchioles are the smallest structures (<0.5 mm in diameter).

Respiratory Zone Features

Composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
Approximately 300 million alveoli constitute the main site for gas exchange.

Alveoli Characteristics

Surrounded by elastic fibers with pores of Kohn for air pressure equalization.
Contain macrophages for sterility, lysozymes, and antibodies (Ig-G).
Types: Type I (95%) facilitate gas exchange; Type II (5%) produce surfactant.

Lung Structure

Right lung consists of 3 lobes; left lung consists of 2 lobes.

Blood Supply to Lungs

Pulmonary circulation involves low pressure, high volume.
Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

Pleurae Composition

Thin, double-layered serous membrane with parietal pleura (thoracic wall) and visceral pleura (lung surface).
Pleural fluid provides lubrication and surface tension.

Boyle's Law

Describes inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume (P1V1 = P2V2).
As chamber volume decreases, pressure increases proportionally, and vice-versa.

Lung Pressures

Intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure fluctuates with breathing and equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
Intrapleural pressure remains negative, ensuring lung expansion.

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Description

This quiz helps you revise key concepts from Module 1 of the PSIO120 course, focusing on the respiratory system. It is designed to aid your final exam preparation and covers important topics that include information from lectures, readings, and tutorials. Use this resource to strengthen your understanding and retention of the material.