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Questions and Answers
What role does the respiratory system play in homeostasis?
Which of the following processes is NOT a part of respiration?
What is the primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
Which organs are part of the lower respiratory system?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for creating the pressure gradient necessary for respiration?
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What can be defined as the site of gas exchange within the respiratory system?
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What is the role of pulmonary ventilation?
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What is the term for the exchange of gases between systemic blood vessels and tissues?
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What type of epithelium composes the mucosa of the trachea?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
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What is the primary role of Type II alveolar cells?
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Which pressure always remains negative and fluctuates with breathing?
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The right lung is divided into how many lobes?
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Which of the following layers is NOT part of the tracheal wall?
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What is the main function of pulmonary veins?
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What law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
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How many orders of branching occur in the bronchial tree?
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What is the function of the pleural fluid?
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What is the function of the nasal conchae during inhalation?
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Which of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
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Which structure serves as a divider within the nasal cavity?
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What is the purpose of the nasal mucosa and conchae during exhalation?
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What connects the larynx to the nasal cavity and mouth?
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Which part of the nose is described as a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex?
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What are the main functions of the nose?
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What are the posterior nasal apertures also known as?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- Facilitates gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmosphere, blood, and tissues.
- Contributes to homeostasis and pH adjustment of body fluids.
- Serves as an interface between external and internal environments.
Respiration Processes
- Involves respiratory and circulatory systems to supply O2 and dispose of CO2.
- Four main processes:
- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs.
- External respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood.
- Transport: movement of O2 and CO2 within blood.
- Internal respiration: gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues.
Structural Components of the Respiratory System
- Upper respiratory:
- Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx.
- Lower respiratory:
- Larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs and alveoli.
Conducting Zone vs. Respiratory Zone
- Conducting zone: pathways to gas exchange sites (includes nose to terminal bronchioles).
- Respiratory zone: sites of gas exchange (includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli).
- Respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm, assist in pressure control for breathing.
Functions of the Nose
- Two main regions: external nose and nasal cavity.
- Functions: provides airway, moistens and warms air, filters and cleans air, acts as a resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors.
Nasal Cavity Features
- Contains conchae (turbinates) that increase mucosal area and air turbulence.
- Meatuses improve surface area for warming and moistening air.
- Nasal mucosa filters and warms air during inhalation, reclaiming heat and moisture during exhalation.
Paranasal Sinuses
- Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
- Lighten skull, warm/moisten air, and serve as resonating chambers.
Pharynx Structure
- Muscular tube connecting nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus.
- Divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Larynx Functions
- Connects to hyoid bone, continuous with trachea.
- Functions include providing a patent airway, routing air and food, and voice production.
Trachea Structure
- Windpipe extending from larynx into mediastinum.
- Made of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage (C-shaped rings), and adventitia.
Bronchi Structure
- A series of branching air passages known as the bronchial (respiratory) tree.
- Bifurcation of trachea forms left and right primary bronchi.
Conducting Zone Structures
- Lobar bronchus divides into segmental bronchi, which further divide.
- Terminal bronchioles are the smallest structures (<0.5 mm in diameter).
Respiratory Zone Features
- Composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
- Approximately 300 million alveoli constitute the main site for gas exchange.
Alveoli Characteristics
- Surrounded by elastic fibers with pores of Kohn for air pressure equalization.
- Contain macrophages for sterility, lysozymes, and antibodies (Ig-G).
- Types: Type I (95%) facilitate gas exchange; Type II (5%) produce surfactant.
Lung Structure
- Right lung consists of 3 lobes; left lung consists of 2 lobes.
Blood Supply to Lungs
- Pulmonary circulation involves low pressure, high volume.
- Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
Pleurae Composition
- Thin, double-layered serous membrane with parietal pleura (thoracic wall) and visceral pleura (lung surface).
- Pleural fluid provides lubrication and surface tension.
Boyle's Law
- Describes inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume (P1V1 = P2V2).
- As chamber volume decreases, pressure increases proportionally, and vice-versa.
Lung Pressures
- Intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure fluctuates with breathing and equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
- Intrapleural pressure remains negative, ensuring lung expansion.
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Description
This quiz helps you revise key concepts from Module 1 of the PSIO120 course, focusing on the respiratory system. It is designed to aid your final exam preparation and covers important topics that include information from lectures, readings, and tutorials. Use this resource to strengthen your understanding and retention of the material.
