30 Questions
What is the term given to polyploid organisms that arise from hybridization between two different species?
Allopolyploids
Which chromosome rearrangement occurs when a segment of a chromosome is reversed?
Inversion
What genetic rearrangement occurs when a segment of a chromosome is transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome?
Translocation
Which process occurs when a chromosome splits into two or more daughter chromosomes?
Fission
In evolutionary biology, what are the genetic rearrangements that may have both positive and negative effects on an organism's fitness?
Inversions
What term describes the situation when two chromosomes join together?
Fusions
What is a factor that can induce mutations?
Radiation or chemicals
What is the average mutation rate per base pair in prokaryotes?
$10^{-11}$ to $10^{-10}$ per replication
What is the term used to describe an organism with more than two sets of chromosomes?
Polyploidy
What effect can autopolyploidy have on an organism's fitness?
Positive and negative effects
What is the estimated mutation rate in the human genome per base pair per generation?
$4.8 \times 10$
How do the effects of mutations on fitness range?
Highly advantageous to highly disadvantageous
What is a pseudogene?
A gene that resembles functional genes but differs at several base pair sites and is not transcribed
What is a transition mutation?
Substitution of a purine for another purine or a pyrimidine for another pyrimidine
What is a transversion mutation?
Substitution of purines for pyrimidines
What does haplotype refer to?
A DNA sequence differing by one or more mutations from a homologous sequence
When is a mutation inherited in animals with segregated germ lines?
Early in development if it affects the germ line cell
In classic genetics, what is a point mutation?
A mutation mapped to a single gene locus
What is the average mutation rate per gamete for mutations detected by their phenotypic effects?
10-5 to 10-6
Which of the following is NOT a mutation of genes mentioned in the text?
Gene translocation
What is the typical effect of mutations on fitness?
Average effect of mutations on fitness is deleterious
Which type of mutation involves the insertion of various kinds of transposable elements?
Insertions
What is the range of magnitude in changes of morphological or physiological features caused by a mutation?
Significant to drastic
Why are not all conceivable mutational changes possible according to the text?
Mutations alter pre-existing biochemical or developmental pathways
What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
It forms the foundation of population genetics and genetic theory of evolution.
Which implication of the H-W principle states that genotype frequencies reach equilibrium after one generation of random mating?
One generation of random mating can erase historical deviations from equilibrium.
What assumption is crucial to maintaining allele frequencies as per the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
The population size is very large or infinite.
How does the concept of panmixia relate to the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Non-panmixic populations may deviate from Hardy-Weinberg expected ratios.
Why does Hardy-Weinberg principle assume that populations are infinitely large?
So that rare alleles do not disappear due to genetic drift.
How does a new mutation maintain a low allele frequency according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Mutations remain at low frequency due to random mating and large populations.
Test your knowledge on pseudogenes, non-functional gene sequences, and different types of mutations like point mutations. Learn about base pair substitutions and understand how mutations are inherited in organisms with segregated germ lines.
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