PSA and Risk of Prostate Cancer

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What is the treatment for an anatomic abnormality causing continuous leakage of urine with the feeling of urination?

Surgery to close or remove the fistula (correct)

Distigmine bromideparasympathomimetic drug

Antibiotics

Bladder outlet obstruction treatment

What is a common symptom of ectopic position of the ureter below the sphincter?

Small or lacking need for urination

Leakage of urine from abnormal orifices (vagina) (correct)

Continuous leakage of urine with the feeling of urination

Production of high alkaline urine

What is the cause of communication of the bladder with the vagina in congenital anatomic abnormalities?

Traumatic injury (correct)

Produce of high alkaline urine

Bladder outlet obstruction

Ectopic position of the ureter

What is the primary effect of distigmine bromideparasympathomimetic drug in treating anatomic abnormalities?

Increasing bladder contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis?

E. coli and Streptococci Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate imaging modality for detecting aggressive Gleason > 7 cancers?

Multiparametric MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality is considered equivalent to PET in nodal disease detection?

CT scan Signup and view all the answers

At what PSA level is a bone scan recommended for detecting bone metastasis?

$10$ ng/ml Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach involves monitoring the patient and offering a palliative treatment at a future time?

Active surveillance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of chronic exposure to LHRH agonists?

Suppressed LH and FSH secretion Signup and view all the answers

At what prostate volume can prostate cancer in the peripheral zone be detected by digital rectal examination (DRE)?

2.0 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the positive predictive value of a suspect DRE in patients with a PSA level up to 2 ng/mL?

5-30% Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an indication for prostate biopsy according to the text?

Elevated PSA due to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical abnormality can be detected by digital rectal examination (DRE) in about 18% of all patients with prostate cancer?

Suspect DRE alone Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical condition is almost exclusively associated with the elevation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

Prostatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'flare-up' phenomenon associated with the first injection?

Transient rise in LH and FSH Signup and view all the answers

In the clinical scenario, the patient presents with colicky pain that radiates to the groin. What anatomical abnormality is suspected?

Kidney stone Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of the involuntary loss of urine described in the text?

Maximal urethral pressure exceeding intravesical pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of treatments is most likely to be recommended for a patient with urinary incontinence due to anatomic abnormalities?

Surgery + hormonotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming the suspected kidney stone obstruction in the clinical scenario?

CT pyelography Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the point at which ions become metastable and can initiate crystal growth and heterogeneous nucleation?

Solubility product (Ksp) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance in the urine prohibits crystal formation?

Magnesium Signup and view all the answers

Which byproduct of purine metabolism is usually found in 2-10% of stones?

Uric acid Signup and view all the answers

What substance decreases urinary pH, decreases urinary citrate, and increases urinary calcium excretion?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stones are related to the diet, particularly meat, dairy products, and vegetables?

Phosphate stones Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the free/total PSA ratio in clinical practice?

To differentiate between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a saturation repeat biopsy for prostate cancer detection?

To increase the likelihood of detecting PCa missed by conventional biopsies Signup and view all the answers

In what percentage of men was PCa found on biopsy when the free/total PSA ratio was less than 0.10?

56% Signup and view all the answers

What is the classic picture seen in a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for local disease?

Hypo-echoic area in the peripheral zone of the prostate Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of the involuntary loss of urine described in the text?

Prostate cancer Signup and view all the answers

In the clinical scenario, the patient presents with colicky pain that radiates to the groin. What anatomical abnormality is suspected?

Kidney-ureteral stones Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical condition is almost exclusively associated with the elevation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

Prostate cancer Signup and view all the answers

What substance decreases urinary pH, decreases urinary citrate, and increases urinary calcium excretion?

Plant-extras Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the point at which ions become metastable and can initiate crystal growth and heterogeneous nucleation?

Saturation repeat biopsy Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming the suspected kidney stone obstruction in the clinical scenario?

$ ext{CT}$ pyelography Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical abnormality can be detected by digital rectal examination (DRE) in about 18% of all patients with prostate cancer?

$ ext{TURP}$ Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an indication for prostate biopsy according to the text?

$ ext{Hematuria}$ Signup and view all the answers

At what PSA level is a bone scan recommended for detecting bone metastasis?

$2$ ng/mL Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of ectopic position of the ureter below the sphincter?

Hematuria Signup and view all the answers

PSA and Risk of Prostate Cancer

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Questions and Answers

What is the treatment for an anatomic abnormality causing continuous leakage of urine with the feeling of urination?

What is a common symptom of ectopic position of the ureter below the sphincter?

What is the cause of communication of the bladder with the vagina in congenital anatomic abnormalities?

What is the primary effect of distigmine bromideparasympathomimetic drug in treating anatomic abnormalities?

Which bacteria are commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis?

What is the most accurate imaging modality for detecting aggressive Gleason > 7 cancers?

Which imaging modality is considered equivalent to PET in nodal disease detection?

At what PSA level is a bone scan recommended for detecting bone metastasis?

Which treatment approach involves monitoring the patient and offering a palliative treatment at a future time?

What is the main consequence of chronic exposure to LHRH agonists?

At what prostate volume can prostate cancer in the peripheral zone be detected by digital rectal examination (DRE)?

What is the positive predictive value of a suspect DRE in patients with a PSA level up to 2 ng/mL?

Which condition is an indication for prostate biopsy according to the text?

Which anatomical abnormality can be detected by digital rectal examination (DRE) in about 18% of all patients with prostate cancer?

What anatomical condition is almost exclusively associated with the elevation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

What is the 'flare-up' phenomenon associated with the first injection?

In the clinical scenario, the patient presents with colicky pain that radiates to the groin. What anatomical abnormality is suspected?

What is the most likely cause of the involuntary loss of urine described in the text?

Which combination of treatments is most likely to be recommended for a patient with urinary incontinence due to anatomic abnormalities?

What diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming the suspected kidney stone obstruction in the clinical scenario?

What is the term used for the point at which ions become metastable and can initiate crystal growth and heterogeneous nucleation?

Which substance in the urine prohibits crystal formation?

Which byproduct of purine metabolism is usually found in 2-10% of stones?

What substance decreases urinary pH, decreases urinary citrate, and increases urinary calcium excretion?

Which type of stones are related to the diet, particularly meat, dairy products, and vegetables?

What is the role of the free/total PSA ratio in clinical practice?

What is the purpose of a saturation repeat biopsy for prostate cancer detection?

In what percentage of men was PCa found on biopsy when the free/total PSA ratio was less than 0.10?

What is the classic picture seen in a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for local disease?

What is the most likely cause of the involuntary loss of urine described in the text?

In the clinical scenario, the patient presents with colicky pain that radiates to the groin. What anatomical abnormality is suspected?

What anatomical condition is almost exclusively associated with the elevation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

What substance decreases urinary pH, decreases urinary citrate, and increases urinary calcium excretion?

What is the term used for the point at which ions become metastable and can initiate crystal growth and heterogeneous nucleation?

Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming the suspected kidney stone obstruction in the clinical scenario?

What anatomical abnormality can be detected by digital rectal examination (DRE) in about 18% of all patients with prostate cancer?

Which condition is an indication for prostate biopsy according to the text?

At what PSA level is a bone scan recommended for detecting bone metastasis?

What is a common symptom of ectopic position of the ureter below the sphincter?

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