Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of attention is influenced by the expectations and goals of an individual?
What type of attention is influenced by the expectations and goals of an individual?
- Exogenous attention
- Alternating attention
- Endogenous attention (correct)
- Divided attention
According to the Feature Integration Theory, what is the primary function of attention in visual perception?
According to the Feature Integration Theory, what is the primary function of attention in visual perception?
- To filter out irrelevant information
- To focus on specific locations
- To enhance the processing of relevant features
- To integrate features into a coherent object (correct)
What is the term for the phenomenon where attention is constrained by the boundaries of an object?
What is the term for the phenomenon where attention is constrained by the boundaries of an object?
- Object-based attention (correct)
- Attentional bias
- Feature-based attention
- Spatial attention
Which of the following is an example of selective attention in everyday life?
Which of the following is an example of selective attention in everyday life?
What is the term for the bias in attention that occurs when attention is directed towards a specific location or feature?
What is the term for the bias in attention that occurs when attention is directed towards a specific location or feature?
What is the primary difference between exogenous and endogenous attention?
What is the primary difference between exogenous and endogenous attention?
What type of attentional bias is referred to as the Emotional Superiority Effect?
What type of attentional bias is referred to as the Emotional Superiority Effect?
What is the primary function of feature-based attention in visual scenes?
What is the primary function of feature-based attention in visual scenes?
According to the Feature Integration Theory, what is the function of the Master Map of Locations?
According to the Feature Integration Theory, what is the function of the Master Map of Locations?
What is the primary difference between feature and conjunction searches, according to the Feature Integration Theory?
What is the primary difference between feature and conjunction searches, according to the Feature Integration Theory?
What type of attention is responsible for enhancing perceptual processing in visual scenes?
What type of attention is responsible for enhancing perceptual processing in visual scenes?
What is the term for the process of directing attention towards non-spatial features, such as colour or emotional valence?
What is the term for the process of directing attention towards non-spatial features, such as colour or emotional valence?
What is the primary mechanism by which attentional biases are resolved according to the Biased Competition Model?
What is the primary mechanism by which attentional biases are resolved according to the Biased Competition Model?
What is the role of top-down processes in attentional modulation, according to the lecture?
What is the role of top-down processes in attentional modulation, according to the lecture?
According to the feature integration theory, what is the key factor in determining the efficiency of visual search?
According to the feature integration theory, what is the key factor in determining the efficiency of visual search?
What is the primary function of selective attention, according to the lecture?
What is the primary function of selective attention, according to the lecture?
What is the relationship between bottom-up and top-down processes in attentional modulation, according to the lecture?
What is the relationship between bottom-up and top-down processes in attentional modulation, according to the lecture?
What is the primary goal of attentional modulation, according to the lecture?
What is the primary goal of attentional modulation, according to the lecture?
Flashcards
Attentional Focus
Attentional Focus
Attention can be directed to specific locations, features (e.g., color, shape), or objects.
Exogenous Attention
Exogenous Attention
Attention is drawn automatically by something that stands out, like a bright color or a sudden movement.
Endogenous Attention
Endogenous Attention
Attention is guided by internal goals or expectations, like looking for a specific person in a crowd.
Object-Based Attention
Object-Based Attention
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Object Boundaries
Object Boundaries
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Feature-Based Attention
Feature-Based Attention
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Attention Enhancement
Attention Enhancement
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Feature Integration Theory (FIT)
Feature Integration Theory (FIT)
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Biased Competition Model
Biased Competition Model
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Emotional Superiority Effect
Emotional Superiority Effect
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Visual Search
Visual Search
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Feature-Based Visual Search
Feature-Based Visual Search
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Conjunction-Based Visual Search
Conjunction-Based Visual Search
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Attention as a Mechanism
Attention as a Mechanism
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Competition for Representation
Competition for Representation
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Combined Attentional Control
Combined Attentional Control
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Global Attention
Global Attention
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Attention: Prioritizing Information
Attention: Prioritizing Information
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Study Notes
Selective Attention
- Selective attention biases perceptual and post-perceptual processing at cued locations
- Attention can be oriented by exogenous (bottom-up), endogenous (top-down), or a combination of both effects
Attention to Locations, Features, and Objects
- Attention can be directed towards locations, features (colour, contrast, orientation), and objects (single and groups)
Object-Based Attention
- Object-based attention is when attention is focused on objects rather than locations
- Valid cues and invalid cues separated by the same spatial distance (Egly et al., 1994)
- Object-based attention is constrained by object boundaries, which are delineated by perceptual processes (e.g., amodal completion)
Feature-Based Attention
- Feature-based attention is when attention is focused on non-spatial features (e.g., colour, emotional valence)
- Attention modulates perceptual input from the visual field (Martinez-Trujillo & Treue, 2004)
- Attention enhances perceptual processing at locations, constrained by perceptual information that governs object recognition
Models of Attention
- Feature Integration Theory (FIT) (Treisman and colleagues, 1980; 1998) conceptualizes attention as the glue that binds visual features encoded by separate anatomical modules
- The Biased Competition Model (Joseph, Chun & Nakayama, 1997) proposes that selection is the result of competitive interactions between objects
The Emotional Superiority Effect
- Emotional stimuli have a prioritization advantage in visual search tasks (Maratos et al., 2008)
Visual Search
- Visual search tasks can be feature-based or conjunction-based, with different performance characteristics
- Feature-based attention appears to be global (reciprocal connections between what and where)
Computational Resource and Salience
- Attention is not a unitary construct, but rather neural and cognitive mechanisms for prioritizing information
- Competition for representation is resolved via reciprocal links between bottom-up and top-down processes
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