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Questions and Answers
Which organism is found in the large intestine of humans?
Which organism is found in the large intestine of humans?
Which of the following organisms is associated with the small intestine?
Which of the following organisms is associated with the small intestine?
What type of locomotion is absent in organisms of the Apicomplexa phylum?
What type of locomotion is absent in organisms of the Apicomplexa phylum?
What is a common site of infection for Toxoplasma gondii?
What is a common site of infection for Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which organism is characterized as having a ciliated structure?
Which organism is characterized as having a ciliated structure?
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What is the primary site of infection for Amebic Liver Abscess?
What is the primary site of infection for Amebic Liver Abscess?
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How do trophozoites cause an amebic liver abscess?
How do trophozoites cause an amebic liver abscess?
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In which way can amebic brain abscess occur?
In which way can amebic brain abscess occur?
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Which characteristic feature is associated with amebic infections?
Which characteristic feature is associated with amebic infections?
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What does the presence of high antibody titers indicate in extraintestinal amebiasis?
What does the presence of high antibody titers indicate in extraintestinal amebiasis?
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What is the primary focus of the course BCh 507?
What is the primary focus of the course BCh 507?
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In which department is the course BCh 507 offered?
In which department is the course BCh 507 offered?
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Which organism is specifically mentioned in the lecture title associated with Protozoology?
Which organism is specifically mentioned in the lecture title associated with Protozoology?
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What degree of emphasis does the course primarily give regarding protozoa?
What degree of emphasis does the course primarily give regarding protozoa?
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Which part of the course focuses on the study of protozoa?
Which part of the course focuses on the study of protozoa?
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What is the primary route through which amoebae reach extra intestinal organs?
What is the primary route through which amoebae reach extra intestinal organs?
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Which of the following organs is most commonly affected by hepatic amoebiasis?
Which of the following organs is most commonly affected by hepatic amoebiasis?
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What condition occurs in the lungs as a result of secondary extra intestinal amoebiasis?
What condition occurs in the lungs as a result of secondary extra intestinal amoebiasis?
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Which of the following best describes secondary extra intestinal amoebiasis?
Which of the following best describes secondary extra intestinal amoebiasis?
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What type of infection is associated with the liver regarding secondary extra intestinal amoebiasis?
What type of infection is associated with the liver regarding secondary extra intestinal amoebiasis?
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What does the axostyle extend from?
What does the axostyle extend from?
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Which of the following is NOT found within the cytoplasm?
Which of the following is NOT found within the cytoplasm?
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How many parabasal structures are identified in the cytoplasm?
How many parabasal structures are identified in the cytoplasm?
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What type of structure does the axostyle extend outside of?
What type of structure does the axostyle extend outside of?
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What element is present in the cytoplasm alongside the nucleus?
What element is present in the cytoplasm alongside the nucleus?
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What is the primary way that trophozoites reach the liver in the case of amebic liver abscess?
What is the primary way that trophozoites reach the liver in the case of amebic liver abscess?
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What is a consequence of trophozoites entering the liver during an amebic liver abscess?
What is a consequence of trophozoites entering the liver during an amebic liver abscess?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of trophozoites on the liver?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of trophozoites on the liver?
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What role does the portal vein play in the development of an amebic liver abscess?
What role does the portal vein play in the development of an amebic liver abscess?
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Which complication arises from the tissue damage caused by trophozoites in the liver?
Which complication arises from the tissue damage caused by trophozoites in the liver?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: Hematology and Parasitology (BCh 507)
- Part: Protozoology
- Lecture: 1
- Prepared by: Dr. Samir El-Abbassy
Parasitic Protozoa
- Single-celled organisms performing all vital functions (nutrition, reproduction, respiration, excretion, etc.)
- Composed of a mass of protoplasm: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
- Cytoplasm differentiated into an outer layer (ectoplasm) and an inner layer (endoplasm).
- Plasma membrane and ectoplasm function in protection, respiration, excretion, locomotion, and ingestion.
- Endoplasm contains nucleus, contractile (excretory) vacuoles, and food vacuoles.
- Nucleus composed of endosome (karyosome), nuclear envelope, chromatin patches, and nuclear fluid.
- Locomotion through pseudopods, cilia, and flagella.
- Respiration is either aerobic or anaerobic.
- Excretion and osmoregulation by diffusion or contractile vacuoles.
- Nutrition accomplished by absorption through the plasma membrane, engulfing solid food by pseudopods (amoeba), or ingestion through a cytostome (ciliates and flagellates), or by diffusion.
Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction: binary fission, multiple fission (schizogony), and budding.
- Sexual reproduction: Syngamy (complete fusion of two gametes) and conjugation (temporary union of two individuals of the same species).
Encystment
- Trophozoite secretes a cyst to survive outside the host.
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
- Entamoeba histolytica: large intestine of humans (pseudopods).
- Entamoeba coli: large intestine of humans (pseudopods).
- Giardia lamblia: small intestine (flagellates).
- Trichomonas vaginalis: urogenital tract (flagellates).
Phylum Ciliophora (Cilia)
- Balantidium coli: large intestine of humans.
Phylum Apicomplexa
- Does not possess means of locomotion.
- Cryptosporidium: small intestine.
- Toxoplasma gondii: brain, muscles, eyes, and lymph nodes.
Cyst vs. Trophozoite
- Cyst: infective stage, inert, resists gastric acidity and environmental conditions, formed samples.
- Trophozoite: pathogenic stage, feeds, divides, causes pathology, dies within ½ hour outside the host, liquid samples.
E. histolytica Morphology
- Trophozoite: 12-30 µm, moves with pseudopods, differentiated into ectoplasm and endoplasm, single nucleus with a clear membrane, central endosome, chromatin patches, cytoplasm with food vacuoles containing red blood cells.
- Cyst: 10-20 µm, mature cyst contains four nuclei, immature cyst contains one or two nuclei, endosome is small and centrally located; cytoplasm contains chromatoid bodies and glycogen vacuoles.
E. coli Morphology
- Trophozoite: 20-40 µm, many pseudopods, no differentiation of cytoplasm into ectoplasm and endoplasm, single nucleus with a peripheral endosome, food vacuoles may contain bacteria and undigested food.
- Cyst: 20-30 µm, 8 nuclei, represents the infective stage.
Differences between E. histolytica and E. coli
- E. histolytica is pathogenic, while E. coli is non-pathogenic.
- E. histolytica trophozoites are smaller (10-30 µm), with a centrally located nucleus and karyosome. E. coli trophozoites are larger (20-40 µm), and have a peripherally located nucleus.
- E. histolytica cysts contain 4 nuclei, and E. coli cysts contain 8 nuclei.
Giardia lamblia
- Cosmopolitan distribution, human host, small intestine habitat, Two forms trophozoite and Cyst, transmission by consuming contaminated water or food with mature cysts.
Giardia lamblia Morphology
- Trophozoite (10-20 µm): pear-shaped, bilaterally symmetrical, 2 nuclei, 2 median bodies, 4 pairs of flagella (1 anterior, 1 posterior, 1 ventral, 1 caudal).
- Cyst (10-12 µm): 4 nuclei, 4 median bodies, 2 ventral grooves.
Giardia lamblia Life Cycle
- Trophozoites reproduce by simple binary fission.
- Trophozoites transform into cysts (infective stage).
- Cysts are passed out with the feces.
- Water and food become contaminated by the cysts.
- Infection occurs by eating food or drinking water contaminated with mature cysts.
Giardia lamblia Pathogenicity and clinical picture
- Giardiasis causes acute diarrhea, inflammation in the duodenal wall, abdominal cramps, abdominal distension, vomiting, loss of weight, biliary duct trophozoites attack the liver leading to jaundice and biliary colic in the acute stage.
Giardia lamblia Laboratory diagnosis
- Direct stool examination to detect trophozoites and cysts
- Examination of duodenal aspirate for trophozoites
- Detection of coproantigen of Giardia using an immunoassay
Trichomonas vaginalis
- Cosmopolitan distribution, human definitive host, no intermediate host, inhabiting urethra, urinary bladder, prostate gland and seminal vesicle in males, vagina, urethra, cervix, uterus and urinary bladder in females, morphology - trophozoite only (17-20 µm), pear-shaped, 5 flagella (4 anterior, 1 posterior), undulating membrane, axostyle, nucleus, parabasal fibril, parabasal body, costa, sexual intercourse transmission,
Trichomonas vaginalis Pathogenesis and clinical picture
- Transmission through sexual intercourse or indirect contact via contaminated articles.
- Causes vaginitis (burning sensation, itching, creamy discharge) and inflammation in the genital organs of both males and females.
Trichomonas vaginalis Laboratory diagnosis
- Microscopic examination of fresh vaginal discharge, semen, and urine.
- Culture of discharge
- Immunological tests (direct fluorescent antibody test, enzyme immunoassay)
- Molecular techniques
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Description
Dive into the fascinating world of parasitic protozoa in this first lecture of the Hematology and Parasitology course. Explore the structure, functions, and locomotion of these single-celled organisms, along with their unique methods of respiration, nutrition, and excretion. This quiz will test your understanding of the vital functions that these organisms perform.
