Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the prognosis of chronic schistosomiasis infection?
What is the prognosis of chronic schistosomiasis infection?
- It typically has no significant long-term effects.
- It is always treatable with immediate resolution.
- It resolves itself without treatment in most cases.
- It can be chronic and may become fatal due to granulomas. (correct)
Which route of infection is associated with Ascaris lumbricoides?
Which route of infection is associated with Ascaris lumbricoides?
- Direct contact with infected soil.
- Consumption of contaminated water.
- Cercariae burrowing through the skin.
- Ingestion of eggs from contaminated food. (correct)
What symptom is directly associated with the infection caused by Ancylostoma duodenale?
What symptom is directly associated with the infection caused by Ancylostoma duodenale?
- Anemia and lethargy. (correct)
- Sudden spikes in body temperature.
- Intense perianal itching.
- Severe skin lesions.
Which of the following best describes the signs and symptoms of schistosomiasis?
Which of the following best describes the signs and symptoms of schistosomiasis?
Which of the following vectors is associated with the transmission of Fasciola hepatica?
Which of the following vectors is associated with the transmission of Fasciola hepatica?
What is a common misconception about Enterobius vermicularis infections?
What is a common misconception about Enterobius vermicularis infections?
Which term describes the larval stage that infects humans in the case of hookworm infections?
Which term describes the larval stage that infects humans in the case of hookworm infections?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
What is the main characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infections?
What is the main characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infections?
How does Toxoplasma gondii primarily infect humans?
How does Toxoplasma gondii primarily infect humans?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Plasmodium falciparum infections?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Plasmodium falciparum infections?
What is the route of transmission for Fasciola hepatica?
What is the route of transmission for Fasciola hepatica?
What is a common prognosis for individuals infected with the Taenia solium tapeworm?
What is a common prognosis for individuals infected with the Taenia solium tapeworm?
What are the effects of Toxoplasma gondii on infected individuals?
What are the effects of Toxoplasma gondii on infected individuals?
What is a characteristic symptom of Fasciola hepatica infection in humans?
What is a characteristic symptom of Fasciola hepatica infection in humans?
Which organism is known to be the largest tapeworm and can produce millions of eggs daily?
Which organism is known to be the largest tapeworm and can produce millions of eggs daily?
What is the prognosis for infection with Entamoeba histolytica?
What is the prognosis for infection with Entamoeba histolytica?
Which of the following is the route of infection for Naegleria fowleri?
Which of the following is the route of infection for Naegleria fowleri?
What are common symptoms associated with Chagas' disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
What are common symptoms associated with Chagas' disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
What vectors are associated with the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi?
What vectors are associated with the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi?
Which statement correctly describes the effects of Naegleria fowleri on the human brain?
Which statement correctly describes the effects of Naegleria fowleri on the human brain?
What is a common outcome for individuals infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?
What is a common outcome for individuals infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?
What are the signs and symptoms of invasive amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
What are the signs and symptoms of invasive amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
What is a unique feature of 'kissing bugs' in relation to Chagas' disease?
What is a unique feature of 'kissing bugs' in relation to Chagas' disease?
Flashcards
Fasciola hepatica infection
Fasciola hepatica infection
A fluke infection that causes bile duct obstruction and inflammation.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis
A disease caused by Schistosoma, a parasitic flatworm, transmitted by cercariae.
Ascariasis
Ascariasis
A roundworm infection (Ascaris lumbricoides) causing intestinal blockage, abdominal pain.
Pinworm infection
Pinworm infection
A common infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis, often causing perianal itching.
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Hookworm infection
Hookworm infection
A disease caused by Ancylostoma duodenale, leading to anemia, by burrowing into the feet.
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Schistosoma route of infection
Schistosoma route of infection
Cercariae burrow through skin when in contact with contaminated water.
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Ascaris lumbricoides route of infection
Ascaris lumbricoides route of infection
Infection through ingestion of eggs in contaminated food or water.
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Hookworm route of infection
Hookworm route of infection
Larvae burrow through skin, usually in contact with soil, particularly feet.
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Plasmodium falciparum infection
Plasmodium falciparum infection
A life-threatening form of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It's characterized by severe anemia, organ damage, and a high mortality rate.
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Toxoplasmosis infection route
Toxoplasmosis infection route
Infection occurs by ingesting undercooked meat containing Toxoplasma gondii cysts, or through contact with contaminated soil or cat feces.
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Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii
The parasite that causes toxoplasmosis
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Tapeworm infection
Tapeworm infection
Infection caused by ingestion of undercooked meat containing tapeworm larvae.
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Fasciola hepatica infection route
Fasciola hepatica infection route
Ingestion of metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica from aquatic vegetation.
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Malaria symptoms (Plasmodium falciparum)
Malaria symptoms (Plasmodium falciparum)
Severe anemia, organ damage (kidneys, liver, brain), and black urine (hemoglobinuria).
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Tapeworm Symptoms (Taenia solium)
Tapeworm Symptoms (Taenia solium)
Can cause cysts in various tissues (cysticercosis), sometimes leading to blockage.
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Malaria Vector
Malaria Vector
Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites.
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Entamoeba histolytica infection route
Entamoeba histolytica infection route
Ingestion of contaminated water.
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Naegleria fowleri infection route
Naegleria fowleri infection route
Inhalation of contaminated water, often while swimming.
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Chagas' disease cause
Chagas' disease cause
Infected by the bite of a Triatoma insect.
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Chagas disease symptoms (acute stage)
Chagas disease symptoms (acute stage)
Characterized by chagomas (swellings at the bite site) and generalized symptoms (fever, swollen lymph nodes).
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Chagas disease chronic stage
Chagas disease chronic stage
An asymptomatic stage, or a symptomatic stage with complications like heart failure, and organ enlargement.
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African sleeping sickness
African sleeping sickness
A parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
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Entamoeba Symptoms (invasive)
Entamoeba Symptoms (invasive)
Severe diarrhea, colitis, appendicitis, and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa.
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Chagas Disease Vector
Chagas Disease Vector
Triatoma insects.
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Protozoans
-
Amoebae (Entamoeba histolytica):
- Infection route: Ingestion of contaminated water.
- Symptoms: Asymptomatic carriage, severe diarrhea, colitis, and ulceration.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Can lead to invasive amebic dysentery and extraintestinal amebiasis, which can be fatal.
- Vector: Water.
- Creepy Fact: Few cause disease. Trophozoites migrate to the large intestine.
-
Amoebae (Naegleria fowleri):
- Infection route: Inhalation of contaminated water.
- Symptoms: Hemorrhage, coma, and usually death within 10 days.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Very high mortality.
- Vector: Water
- Creepy Fact: Protozoan infects nasal mucosa, then the brain.
-
Flagellates (Trypanosoma cruzi/Chagas Disease):
- Infection route: Insect bites (Triatoma insects).
- Symptoms: Chagomas (swellings), fever, swollen lymph nodes, myocarditis/enlargement of organs (spleen, esophagus, colon). Asymptomatic chronic stage possible. Symptomatic stage with congestive heart failure.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Leading cause of death in Latin America due to parasite-induced heart disease.
- Vector: Triatoma insects (kissing bugs), opossums, and armadillos serve as reservoirs.
Other Protozoans/Flagellates
-
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (African sleeping sickness):
- Infection route: Bite from a tsetse fly.
- Symptoms: Fever, lymph node swelling, headaches, and meningoencephalitis.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Death in months.
- Vector: Tsetse fly.
- Creepy Fact: Antigenic variation makes vaccination difficult.
-
Leishmania:
- Infection route: Bite.
- Types: Cutaneous (skin ulcers), mucocutaneous (mucous membranes), visceral (liver, spleen, bone marrow).
- Prognosis/Outcome: Visceral leishmaniasis is fatal if untreated in 95% of cases.
- Vector: Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia (sand fly).
-
Giardia intestinalis/Giardiasis:
- Infection route: Ingestion of cysts in contaminated food, water, or hands.
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Usually asymptomatic.
Apicomplexans
-
Trichomonas vaginalis:
- Infection route: Sexual encounters.
- Symptoms: Vaginosis (odorous discharge, vaginal/cervical lesions pain)
- Prognosis/Outcome: Usually treated with nitroimidazole drugs. Can be asymptomatic in men.
- Vector: Humans.
-
Plasmodium (malaria):
- Infection route: Bite from anopheles mosquito.
- Types: Vivax (mildest form, dormant in the liver), Ovale and Malariae (benign, restricted geographically), Falciparum (most deadly, 50% mortality).
- Symptoms: Recurrent fever, anemia, blood cell abnormalities, kidney/liver/brain damage, black urine.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Fatal in some cases (particularly Falciparum in 24 hours).
- Vector: Anopheles mosquito.
-
Toxoplasma gondii:
- Infection route: Consumption of undercooked meat or contaminated soil/water. Or inhalation.
- Symptoms: Vary, but could result in severe problems in AIDS patients or if pregnant.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Chronic condition possible, but severe in severe cases.
- Vector: Cats, and fluids from cats.
Helminths
-
Cestodes (tapeworms):
- Infection route: Ingestion (uncooked meat).
- Symptoms: Cyst formation; intestinal issues.
- Types: Taenia solium (pork tapeworm).
- Prognosis/Outcome: Can cause intestinal blockage in some cases
-
Fasciola hepatica (flukes):
- Infection route: Eating water vegetation with metacercariae.
- Symptoms: Episodes of bile duct obstruction and inflammation.
- Prognosis: Chronic infection is possible.
-
Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm):
- Infection route: Ingestion
- Symptoms: Intestinal blockage; abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
- Prognosis/Outcome: Blockage possible.
-
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm):
- Infection route: Fecal-oral.
- Symptoms: Intense perianal itching.
- Prognosis: Usually asymptomatic, highly infectious.
-
Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm):
- Infection route: Larvae burrow through skin, especially feet.
- Symptoms: Anemia, lethargy, craving for unusual foods, pica.
- Prognosis: Can lead to severe illness.
-
Trichinella spiralis (trichinellosis):
- Infection route: Ingestion of undercooked pork/other meats.
- Symptoms: Fever, eye swelling, gastrointestinal upset.
- Prognosis/Outcome: Can lead to potentially fatal conditions if severe.
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