Podcast
Questions and Answers
What bug spreads T. cruzi, the parasite causing Chagas Disease?
What bug spreads T. cruzi, the parasite causing Chagas Disease?
What are the primary bodily locations affected by chronic Chagas Disease?
What are the primary bodily locations affected by chronic Chagas Disease?
In which regions do dogs act as reservoirs of infection for leishmaniasis?
In which regions do dogs act as reservoirs of infection for leishmaniasis?
What chronic disease caused by visceral Leishmania leads to liver failure?
What chronic disease caused by visceral Leishmania leads to liver failure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a result of myocarditis caused by Chagas disease?
Which of the following is a result of myocarditis caused by Chagas disease?
Signup and view all the answers
How is diagnosis of protozoan infections typically confirmed?
How is diagnosis of protozoan infections typically confirmed?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is used to treat protozoan infections if necessary?
Which medication is used to treat protozoan infections if necessary?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do trophozoite stages of Entamoeba histolytica live?
Where do trophozoite stages of Entamoeba histolytica live?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organism is an example of a protozoan infection of the lung?
Which organism is an example of a protozoan infection of the lung?
Signup and view all the answers
How are the resistant encysted forms of Entamoeba histolytica passed?
How are the resistant encysted forms of Entamoeba histolytica passed?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protozoan infection is acquired through contact?
Which protozoan infection is acquired through contact?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes cutaneous Leishmania disease?
What characterizes cutaneous Leishmania disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of trichomonas vaginitis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of trichomonas vaginitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do Giardia lamblia trophozoites inhabit?
Where do Giardia lamblia trophozoites inhabit?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic method is used for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which diagnostic method is used for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of Giardia lamblia trophozoites?
What is a characteristic feature of Giardia lamblia trophozoites?
Signup and view all the answers
Which prevention method is NOT recommended for avoiding Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
Which prevention method is NOT recommended for avoiding Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Trichomonas vaginalis reproduce?
How does Trichomonas vaginalis reproduce?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the most common route of Giardia lamblia infection?
Which of the following is the most common route of Giardia lamblia infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of sleeping sickness?
What is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of sleeping sickness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protozoan causes Chagas disease?
Which protozoan causes Chagas disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common diagnostic method for detecting sleeping sickness?
What is a common diagnostic method for detecting sleeping sickness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a symptom that appears near the insect bite of a Tsetse fly?
What is a symptom that appears near the insect bite of a Tsetse fly?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following treatments is used for sleeping sickness?
Which of the following treatments is used for sleeping sickness?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is sleeping sickness difficult to control?
Why is sleeping sickness difficult to control?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Protozoan Infections
- Diagnosis is by detection of cysts in the faeces, requiring several samples taken at different times due to irregular shedding.
Treatment
- Infection is usually self-limiting, but may be treated with metronidazole if necessary.
Entamoeba Histolytica
- Found worldwide, but most prevalent in subtropical and tropical countries, where it can exceed 50% prevalence.
- Trophozoite stages live in the large intestine and reproduce by binary fission.
- Resistant encysted forms are produced and passed out of the body, contaminating food and drink.
Protozoan Infections Table
- GI Tract: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Entamoeba (ingestion)
- Blood: Plasmodium, Trypanosoma (insect bite)
- Lung: Pneumocystis (inhalation)
- Vagina: Trichomonas (contact)
- All Tissues: Toxoplasma (ingestion)
Leishmania
- Causes cutaneous disease characterized by a large ulcer developing from a small papule on the skin.
- Heals with scarring, leaving the patient relatively immune to further infection.
- Also known as Baghdad boil and Delhi sore.
- In immunodeficient patients, cutaneous leishmaniasis resembles leprosy, with visceral leishmaniasis being a major complication of HIV in the tropics.
Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Normally a non-pathogenic flora of the vagina, but can cause trichomonas vaginitis.
- Symptoms include itching, burning, and foul-smelling discharge.
- Men may be asymptomatic carriers, with possible inflammation of the urethra.
Giardia Lamblia (Duodenalis)
- Formerly known as G.intestinalis.
- Trophozoites have 2 nuclei, giving a characteristic owl's face.
- Causes giardiasis (beaver fever).
- Inhabits the lumen of the duodenum or upper ileum.
- Carriage can range from asymptomatic to malabsorption syndrome.
- Onset is associated with watery, but not bloody, diarrhoea.
Morphology of T. Vaginalis
- Ovoid shape
- 4 free anterior flagella
- 5th flagellum is recurved and attached to the body, forming an undulating membrane
- Single nucleus
- No mitochondria, with energy generated by hydrogenosomes
Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of T. Vaginalis
- Diagnosed by microscopy of vaginal swab
- Prevented by good toilet hygiene, safe sex, and not sharing clothes or toilet articles
- Treated with metronidazole for both partners
Route of Infection of T. Vaginalis
- Cysts are shed in human and animal faeces
- Infection arises from ingesting cysts, which excyst in the host's gut
- Spread can be person-to-person in unsanitary conditions
- Most common route is by drinking improperly treated water
- 6,000 cases per annum in England and Wales
Chagas Disease
- Caused by T.cruzi spread by reduviid bug (kissing bug) in poor areas
- All species of mammal act as reservoirs of infection
- Parasite can live in host macrophages and cardiac muscle cells
- Causes chronic disease involving the heart and intestinal tract
- Death often results from myocarditis
Leishmania
- Causes disease in South and central America, India, Middle East, Africa, and the Mediterranean coast
- Old world leishmaniasis: dogs act as reservoirs of infection
- Two types of disease: visceral (liver and spleen) and cutaneous
- Caused by different species
- Visceral causes chronic disease, kala-azar with eventual liver failure
Sleeping Sickness
- Caused by T.brucei, spread by the tsetse fly, and restricted to equatorial Africa
- Parasite remains extracellular in the tissues near the insect bite and then in the blood
- Swollen chancre appears near the bite, with swollen lymph nodes in the neck
- Parasite spreads rapidly in the blood, causing fever, splenomegaly, and heart involvement
- Headache, psychological changes, and then coma
Trypanosomes
- Three species of flagellated protozoan Trypanosomes cause disease:
- T.brucei gambiense
- T.brucei rhodiense cause African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness
- T.cruzi causes South American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the detection, treatment, and characteristics of protozoan infections, specifically Entamoeba histolytica. Learn about the diagnosis and management of this intestinal protozoan infection.
