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Questions and Answers
What type of food reserve do dinoflagellates primarily store?
What type of food reserve do dinoflagellates primarily store?
Which superclass contains organisms that are primarily parasitic mainly in frogs and toads?
Which superclass contains organisms that are primarily parasitic mainly in frogs and toads?
Which structure is present in the Kinoplastida order?
Which structure is present in the Kinoplastida order?
What type of locomotion do Rhizopodea possess?
What type of locomotion do Rhizopodea possess?
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Which of the following is characteristic of Zoomastigophorea?
Which of the following is characteristic of Zoomastigophorea?
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What kind of body covering do organisms in the class Diplomonadida typically have?
What kind of body covering do organisms in the class Diplomonadida typically have?
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Which example is associated with the order Kinetoplastida?
Which example is associated with the order Kinetoplastida?
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What is a distinguishing feature of organisms in the subclass Filosia?
What is a distinguishing feature of organisms in the subclass Filosia?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the class Sarcodina?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the class Sarcodina?
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In which order do organisms like Hexamita and Giardia belong?
In which order do organisms like Hexamita and Giardia belong?
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What type of locomotion do members of the class Suctoria exhibit as adults?
What type of locomotion do members of the class Suctoria exhibit as adults?
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What characteristic distinguishes organisms in the order Hypermastigida?
What characteristic distinguishes organisms in the order Hypermastigida?
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What type of reserve foodstuff is primarily found in members of the Euglenida order?
What type of reserve foodstuff is primarily found in members of the Euglenida order?
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What type of chromatophore is typically found in organisms belonging to the class Chloromonadida?
What type of chromatophore is typically found in organisms belonging to the class Chloromonadida?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of organisms in the class Ciliophora?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of organisms in the class Ciliophora?
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Which of the following structures is anterior in members of the order Trichomonadida?
Which of the following structures is anterior in members of the order Trichomonadida?
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Which type of pseudopodia is associated with Acanthometra?
Which type of pseudopodia is associated with Acanthometra?
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Which group does Nosema belong to?
Which group does Nosema belong to?
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What type of nuclei is typically found in Ciliata?
What type of nuclei is typically found in Ciliata?
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What is a unique feature of the subclass Holotricha?
What is a unique feature of the subclass Holotricha?
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Which order is characterized by a spirally coiled apical funnel containing vestibular cilia?
Which order is characterized by a spirally coiled apical funnel containing vestibular cilia?
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What type of reproduction is primarily seen in the order Hymenostomatida?
What type of reproduction is primarily seen in the order Hymenostomatida?
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Which of the following is true about Babesia?
Which of the following is true about Babesia?
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Which of the following examples belongs to the subclass Peritricha?
Which of the following examples belongs to the subclass Peritricha?
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Which feature is characteristic of the order Heterotrichida?
Which feature is characteristic of the order Heterotrichida?
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What type of cilia arrangement is found in members of the order Astomatida?
What type of cilia arrangement is found in members of the order Astomatida?
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What distinguishes Gymnostomatida in the context of ciliates?
What distinguishes Gymnostomatida in the context of ciliates?
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Which characteristic is associated with the class Piroplasmea?
Which characteristic is associated with the class Piroplasmea?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with the order Apostomatida?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the order Apostomatida?
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In the order Suctoria, which feature is observed in adults?
In the order Suctoria, which feature is observed in adults?
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Which of the following orders has no body ciliation?
Which of the following orders has no body ciliation?
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Which cellular structure is absent in the body of adult Peritrichida?
Which cellular structure is absent in the body of adult Peritrichida?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes protozoa from metazoans?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes protozoa from metazoans?
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Which of the following modes of nutrition is associated with protozoa?
Which of the following modes of nutrition is associated with protozoa?
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What type of reproduction is predominantly used by protozoa?
What type of reproduction is predominantly used by protozoa?
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What is the main function of contractile vacuoles in protozoa?
What is the main function of contractile vacuoles in protozoa?
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Which of the following body forms can protozoa exhibit?
Which of the following body forms can protozoa exhibit?
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What describes the complexity of protozoa in terms of organization?
What describes the complexity of protozoa in terms of organization?
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How do protozoa perform respiration and excretion?
How do protozoa perform respiration and excretion?
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Which statement about protozoan locomotion is true?
Which statement about protozoan locomotion is true?
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Study Notes
Protozoa: Microscopic Animalcules
- Organisms that are microscopic and acellular, lacking tissues and organs
- Exist as single cells or colonies
- All individuals in a colony are alike, except during reproduction
- Body is unicellular with one or more nuclei
General Characteristics
- Size: Small, usually not visible without a microscope
- Organization: Simplest and most primitive animals, with a protoplasmic grade of organization
- Nuclei: One or more nuclei, monomorphic (all alike) or dimorphic (two types)
- Symmetry: No symmetry, bilateral, radial, or spherical.
- Locomotion: Finger-like pseudopodia, whip-like flagella, hair-like cilia or absent.
- Nutrition: Holozoic (animal-like), holophytic (plant-like), saprozoic, or parasitic. Digestion is intracellular.
- Respiration and Excretion: Through the general surface or contractile vacuoles.
- Reproduction: Asexual through binary or multiple fission and budding. Sexual reproduction through conjugation of adults (hologamy) or fusion of gametes (syngamy).
Classification of Protozoa
- Divided into four subphyla: Sarcomastigophora, Sporozoa, Cnidospora, and Ciliophora
Sarcomastigophora
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Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora
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Class 1. Mastigophora (flagellates):
- Possess flagella for locomotion
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Order 1. Cryptomonadida:
- Have a rigid pellicle, two flagella, and a gullet reaching to the middle of the body.
- Examples: Chilomonas, Cryptomonas
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Order 2. Euglenida:
- Thick and firm pellicle, one or two flagella, an anterior gullet leading to a reservoir.
- Examples: Euglena, Peranema, Phacus, Copromonas
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Order 3. Volvocida:
- Rigid cellulose covering (theca), two to four flagella, no gullet.
- Examples: Chlamydomonas, Volvox
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Order 4. Chloromonadida:
- Dorso-ventrally flat, delicate pellicle, a gullet, and numerous green chromatophores.
- Examples: Vacularia, Coelomonas, Gonyostomum
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Order 5. Hypermastigida:
- Highly specialized with numerous flagella, kinetosomes arranged in circles, plates, or longitudinal or spiral rows.
- Examples: Lophomonas, Trychonympha
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Order 6. Trichomonadida:
- Four to six flagella, one trailing flagellum, mostly parasites of vertebrates.
- Example: Trichomonas
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Order 7. Dinoflagellida:
- Small, planktonic organisms, naked, amoeboid, or with a thick cellulose theca.
- Examples: Noctiluca, Ceratium
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Class 2. Zoomastigophora (zooflagellates):
- Lack chlorophyll or chromatophores.
- Primarily parasitic.
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Order 1. Rhizomastigida:
- Amoeboid, chiefly freshwater, locomotion by one to four flagella and pseudopodia.
- Examples: Mastigamoeba, Dimorpha
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Order 2. Kinetoplastida:
- Possess a kinetoplast, one to four flagella, mostly parasitic.
- Examples: Bodo, Leishmania, Trypanosoma
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Order 3. Choanoflagellida:
- A collar surrounding a single flagellum, free-living, solitary or colonial.
- Example: Proterospongia
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order 4. Diplomonadida:
- Bilaterally symmetrical, binuclcate, with a delicate pellicle and a cytostome.
- Examples: Hexamita, Giardia
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Class 1. Mastigophora (flagellates):
Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)
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Subphylum: Sarcodina
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Class 1. Rhizopodea:
-
Subclass (a) Lobosia:
- Pseudopodia are lobopodia.
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Order 1. Amoebida:
- Naked, amoeboid, no skeleton, freshwater and free-living, many parasitic forms.
- Examples: Amoeba, Entamoeba, Pelomyza.
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Order 2. Arcellinida (Testacida):
- Body enclosed in a one-chambered shell of pseudochitin, with an opening for pseudopodia.
- Examples: Arcella, Difflugia, Euglypha.
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Subclass (b) Filosia:
- Pseudopodia are filopodia, naked or with a single-opening shell.
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Subclass (c) Axopodia:
- Pseudopodia are axopodia with axial filaments.
- Example: Acanthometra
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Subclass (d) Proteomyridia:
- Pseudopodia are filopodia, mostly parasites on algae.
- Examples: Vampyrella, Pseudospora
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Subclass (a) Lobosia:
-
Class 2. Microsporidea
- Small spores developed from one nucleus.
- Intracellular parasites in arthropods and fishes.
- Example: Nosema
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Class 3. Piroplasmea
- Small parasites in red blood cells of vertebrates.
- Example: Babeisa
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Class 1. Rhizopodea:
Sporozoa
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Subphylum: Sporozoa
- No locomotor organelles.
- All are endoparasites.
- Spore formation is common.
- Example: Plasmodium
Ciliophora
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Subphylum: Ciliphora
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Class 1. Ciliata (Infusoria):
-
Subclass (a) Holotricha:
- Body cilia simple, uniform, buccal cilia mostly absent.
-
Order 1. Gymnostomatida:
- Large ciliates, no oral ciliature, cytostome opens directly, no vestibule.
- Examples: Coleps, Didinium, Prorodon, Dileptus.
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Order 2. Trichostomatida:
- Vestibular but no buccal ciliature.
- Examples: Balantidium, Colpoda.
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Order 3. Chonotrichida:
- No body ciliature, a spirally coiled apical funnel contains vestibular cilia.
- Examples: Spirochona, Lobochona.
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Order 4. Apostomatida:
- Spirally arranged body cilia, cytostome midventral.
- Example: Hyalophysa.
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Order 5. Astomatida:
- Body ciliation uniform, cytostome absent.
- Examples: Anoplophyrya, Maupasella.
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Order 6. Hymenostomatida:
- Body ciliation uniform, buccal cavity ventral with ciliary membranes.
- Examples: Colpidium, Paramecium.
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Subclass (b) Peritricha:
- Adults lack body cilia, apical end with buccal cilia.
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Order: Peritrichida:
- Examples: Vorticella, Carchesium.
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Subclass (c) Suctoria:
- Sessile and stalked body.
- Young have cilia, adults have suctorial tentacles.
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Order: Suctorida:
- Examples: Acineta, Ephelota, Podophyra.
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Subclass (d) Spirotrichia:
- Reduced body cilia, buccal cilia well marked.
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Order 1. Heterotrichida:
- Body cilia are short, uniform, or absent.
- Examples: Stentor, Bursaria, Spirostomum.
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Order 2. Oligotrichida:
- Body cilia reduced or absent, buccal membranes conspicuous.
- Examples: Strombidium, Halterna.
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Order 3. Hypotrichida:
- Dorso-ventrally flattened, fused cilia forming ventral cirri.
- Examples: Euplotes, Stylonchia
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Subclass (a) Holotricha:
-
Class 1. Ciliata (Infusoria):
Example: Chlamydomonas
- A typical genus of the order Phytomonadida.
- Microscopic, unicellular, and solitary.
- Found in stagnant freshwater ponds.
- Ovoid or flattened body with a thick cellulose cell wall.
- Two long flagella arising from blepharoplasts.
- Cytoplasm contains a vesicular nucleus, cup-shaped chloroplast with a pyrenoid, a red stigma, a pair of small contractile vacuoles, and reserve food granules such as starch and oil droplets.
- Nutrition is mainly holophytic, but osmotrophic tendencies are also seen.
- Asexual reproduction is by binary fission, often in a palmella stage.
- Sexual reproduction occurs through conjugation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on protozoa, the simplest and most primitive animals, characterized by their unicellular structure and diverse locomotion methods. Explore their general characteristics including size, organization, nutrition, and reproduction methods. See how well you understand these fascinating microscopic organisms!
