Protists and Their Distinctions Quiz

<p>Protists exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A source of sugar from photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euglenozoans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From anaerobic biochemical pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A spiral or crystalline rod in their flagella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two equal-sized nuclei (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogenosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diplomonads (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their evolutionary relationship to other eukaryotes is uncertain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They disintegrate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three rounds of mitosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form an extensive fossil record. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have threadlike pseudopodia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fuse into a diploid micronucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By changing their surface proteins frequently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess a rigid cell wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess a two-part, glass-like wall. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are significant photosynthetic organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many fall to the ocean floor undecomposed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect light from specific directions for navigation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be both phototrophs and heterotrophs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through sexual and asexual stages requiring multiple hosts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For locomotion and feeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Micronuclei are involved in genetic variation through conjugation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive nutrient runoff causing dinoflagellate blooms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An infectious cell that spreads the parasite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two cells exchange haploid micronuclei. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silica (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain the pigment phycoerythrin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charophytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have threadlike pseudopodia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red algae, green algae, and land plants form a single eukaryotic subgroup. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In freshwater environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phragmoplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotes with more complex cells than prokaryotes, containing organelles.

Include photoautotrophs (with chloroplasts), heterotrophs (absorbers/ingesters), and mixotrophs (using both types of nutrition).

Can be asexual, sexual (employing meiosis and fertilization), or unusual variations.

Single-celled protists can be complex, performing all functions within the cell itself.

Protists show more structural and functional diversity than any other eukaryote group.

The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells and established a symbiotic relationship.

The process whereby genes from the endosymbiont (e.g., mitochondria or chloroplast) are transferred to the host cell's nucleus.

Evolved from an anaerobic bacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell, forming a symbiotic relationship.

Evolved from a cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell, forming a symbiotic relationship.

A current hypothesis that classifies all eukaryotes, including protists, into four major groups based on their evolutionary relationships.

A group of protists characterized by a unique cytoskeleton and often an 'excavated' feeding groove. They are mostly heterotrophic.

A group of Excavata lacking plastids, with modified mitochondria (mitosomes), and deriving energy from anaerobic pathways. They often live in anaerobic environments and are frequently parasitic.

Another group of Excavata lacking plastids, with modified mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate energy anaerobically. They are known for causing infections in humans.

A group of protists belonging to Euglenozoans characterized by a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.

Parasitic kinetoplastids that cause diseases like sleeping sickness in humans.

Protists belonging to Euglenozoans with one or two flagella emerging from a pocket or groove at one end of the cell.

An organism capable of both autotrophic (photosynthesis) and heterotrophic (consuming food) nutrition.

A light shield in Euglenids that allows light from a specific direction to strike a light detector.

A layer of protein bands beneath the plasma membrane in Euglenids, providing strength and flexibility.

A diverse monophyletic supergroup of protists, named after its three major clades: Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians.

A clade within the SAR supergroup, including important photosynthetic organisms like diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.

Membrane-bound sacs found beneath the plasma membrane of Alveolate protists. Their exact function is still unknown.

A group of aquatic protists with two flagella, making them spin through the water. They can be photosynthetic, mixotrophic, or heterotrophic.

Harmful algal blooms caused by an overgrowth of dinoflagellates, often producing toxins.

Parasitic protists that infect animals, often causing serious diseases. They have unique organelles for penetrating host cells.

The apicomplexan parasite that causes malaria, requiring both a mosquito and a human host to complete its life cycle.

Diverse protists with cilia for movement and feeding. They have both macro- and micronuclei, and undergo conjugation for genetic variation.

A sexual process in ciliates where two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei, promoting genetic diversity.

A group of amoebas within the Rhizaria clade, characterized by threadlike pseudopodia, which are extensions of the cell surface used for movement and feeding.

Also known as forams, these single-celled organisms are classified within the Rhizaria clade. They are distinguished by their porous shells (tests), often multichambered, which are made of calcium carbonate.

The porous, often multichambered shell of a foraminiferan. Pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test, aiding in movement and feeding.

Many foraminiferans have symbiotic algae living within their cytoplasm. These algae provide the foram with nutrients through photosynthesis, while the foram provides the algae with protection and a suitable environment.

The magnesium content in fossilized forams can be used to estimate changes in ocean temperature over time. This is because the magnesium content of the foram's shell is influenced by the water temperature in which it lived.

Radiolarians are marine protists with intricate, symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica.

Radiolarians use thread-like pseudopodia to capture and engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis.

A diverse group of protists including most amoeboid and flagellated protists with thread-like pseudopodia.

Most cercozoans are heterotrophs, meaning they obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms.

Archaeplastida is a supergroup including red algae and green algae, which are the closest relatives of land plants.

Red algae owe their color to a pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll.

Green algae are divided into two main groups: chlorophytes and charophytes. Charophytes are most closely related to land plants.

Charophytes share distinct features with land plants, including cellulose-synthesizing protein rings and a phragmoplast that helps build new cell walls.