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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the function of xylem in plants?
Which of the following best describes the function of xylem in plants?
What is the primary role of the small intestine in the digestive process?
What is the primary role of the small intestine in the digestive process?
Which type of meristem is responsible for increasing the length of roots and shoots?
Which type of meristem is responsible for increasing the length of roots and shoots?
In the context of biological variation, which of the following examples best demonstrates a genetic source of variation?
In the context of biological variation, which of the following examples best demonstrates a genetic source of variation?
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What is the primary function of guard cells in plant leaves?
What is the primary function of guard cells in plant leaves?
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Which of these options accurately describes the function of phloem?
Which of these options accurately describes the function of phloem?
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Which of the following is a key difference between arteries and veins?
Which of the following is a key difference between arteries and veins?
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What is the significance of mitosis in eukaryotic cells?
What is the significance of mitosis in eukaryotic cells?
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Study Notes
Kingdom Protista
- Comprises diverse eukaryotic organisms
- Divided into three subgroups:
- Protozoa (animal-like): Motile, heterotrophic, ingest food via phagocytosis (e.g., amoebas)
- Algae (plant-like): Photosynthetic, autotrophic, produce food through chlorophyll (e.g., diatoms, green algae)
- Slime molds/fungi-like protists: Heterotrophic, absorb nutrients from decaying matter
Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a nucleus; DNA is in the cytoplasm, usually circular
- Lack membrane-bound organelles
- Reproduce via binary fission
- Found in domains Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic Cells
- Possess a nucleus that encloses DNA within a double membrane
- Contain membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus)
- Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
- Reproduce via mitosis and meiosis
- Cytoskeleton provides structural support
Animalia
- Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms
- Lack cell walls
- Motile at some life stage
- Reproduce sexually
Plantae
- Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic (photosynthetic)
- Have cell walls made of cellulose
- Immobile
- Reproduce sexually and/or asexually
Fungi
- Eukaryotic
- Mostly multicellular
- Heterotrophic organisms that decompose organic material
- Cell walls made of chitin
Protista
- Eukaryotic
- Mostly unicellular
- Diverse organisms
- Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Archaea
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
- Thrive in extreme environments
- Unique genetics and biochemistry
Bacteria
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
- Diverse metabolic pathways
- Found in various environments
Mitosis
- Essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells
- Ensures two daughter cells receive identical copies of parent cell's DNA
Phases of Mitosis
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; spindle fibers form
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelopes reform
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, completing cell division
Meiosis (reductional division)
- Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair, exchange DNA (crossing over)
- Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the equator
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate
- Telophase I: Two haploid cells form
- Meiosis II (equational division): Similar to mitosis, separating sister chromatids
- Gametogenesis: End products of meiosis- four haploid gametes.
- n values: Starts as diploid (2n), reduces to haploid (n)
Inhalation/Inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts, moves downward
- Intercostal muscles expand the rib cage
- Increases thoracic cavity volume
- Reduces pressure, drawing air into the lungs
Exhalation/Expiration
- Diaphragm relaxes, moves upward
- Intercostal muscles relax, rib cage shrinks
- Decreases thoracic cavity volume
- Increases pressure, forcing air out of the lungs
Arteries
- Thick, elastic walls
- Small lumen
- Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery)
Veins
- Thinner walls
- Larger lumen
- Valves to prevent backflow
- Return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary vein)
Capillaries
- One-cell-thick walls
- Easy diffusion
- Exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues
Heat Loss
- Sweating (evaporation cools skin)
- Vasodilation (blood vessels widen, increasing blood flow near skin)
- Heat Retention:
- Vasoconstriction (blood vessels narrow)
- Shivering (muscle contractions generate heat)
Digestion
Various parts of the digestive system, including:
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Liver, Pancreas, Rectum/Anus, accessory organs like Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas.
pH changes in the stomach and small intestine, and the crucial role of pH in digestion
Plants
- Leaf Structures and Functions (cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, veins, stomata, chloroplasts, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, guard cells)
- Xylem (water and mineral transport)
- Phloem (nutrient transport)
- Apical Meristem (primary growth)
- Lateral Meristem (secondary growth)
Variation, Selection and Speciation
- Variation: Differences in traits within a population (genetic or environmental)
- Selective pressure: Environmental factors influencing survival and reproduction
- Lamarck's theory vs. Darwin's theory of natural selection
- Artificial Selection (intentional breeding)
- Natural Selection (advantageous traits better suited to environment)
- Acquired traits (not genetically passed down-Lamarck)
- Allopatric Speciation (geographic isolation)
- Sympatric Speciation (without geographic isolation)
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Description
This quiz covers the diversity of the Kingdom Protista, including protozoa, algae, and slime molds. It also delves into the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting their structures and reproductive methods. Test your knowledge on these fundamental biological concepts!
