Protestant Reformation Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant theological teaching of Luther regarding salvation?

  • Salvation is earned through good deeds.
  • Salvation can only be attained through a priest.
  • Salvation is a free gift of God’s grace. (correct)
  • Salvation requires regular donations to the Church.

What major change did the Protestant Reformation bring about in the religious structure?

  • Formation of numerous Christian denominations. (correct)
  • Increased central authority of the pope.
  • Decline in literacy among the population.
  • Reestablishment of priestly intervention for forgiveness of sins.

What was the result of the Edict of Worms for Luther?

  • He was appointed as the new pope.
  • He was rewarded for his teachings.
  • He was invited to lead the Catholic Church.
  • He was excommunicated and declared an outlaw. (correct)

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Protestant Reformation?

<p>Stronger influence of the Catholic Church in government. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were followers of Luther commonly referred to as?

<p>Lutherans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Luther's teachings influence the role of the Bible?

<p>It became the sole source of divine revelation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Reformation regarding colonial territories?

<p>Territories established either a Catholic or Protestant nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event was directly linked to the rise of Henry VIII's reign?

<p>The War of the Roses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who became Lord Protector after Lord Somerset lost support due to financial problems?

<p>John Dudley (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change regarding church services was implemented during Edward VI's reign?

<p>The English language was incorporated into services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept became significant in belief during the Protestant transformation under Edward VI?

<p>Faith alone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests social unrest during Edward VI's reign?

<p>Rebellions in western and eastern England in 1549 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual was instrumental in improving England's economic conditions during Edward VI's reign?

<p>Thomas Gresham (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant transformation occurred in the Church of England during Edward VI's reign?

<p>A Protestant Church was established (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document was introduced to standardize prayers across the Church of England?

<p>The Book of Common Prayer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What uncertainty exists concerning the beliefs of the laity by Edward VI's death?

<p>Inconclusive evidence from wills regarding financial support for parish churches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was mandated by the Act of Uniformity regarding attendance at religious services?

<p>Mandatory attendance at Anglican mass or fined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Henry VIII increase the power of Parliament in the 1530s?

<p>By using it to separate from the Catholic Church (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the members of the House of Commons primarily composed of during the 16th century?

<p>Gentry and Burgesses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Elizabeth I's approach to working with Parliament?

<p>She cooperated while maintaining her authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic trend began to emerge in England during the latter half of the century?

<p>Importance of foreign trade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did privateers like Hawkins and Drake play in Elizabethan England?

<p>They seized booty from Spanish and Portuguese ships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions did England focus on for colonization during the late 16th century?

<p>West Indies rather than North America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the rise of successful merchant adventurers in England?

<p>Increased participation in piracy and trade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Mary I take to maintain her power after ascending the throne?

<p>She recognized the importance of parliamentary legislation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor in the relatively smooth transition from Edward VI to Mary I's reign?

<p>Government control was not seriously challenged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason for the failure of Mary's attempt to restore Catholicism in England?

<p>The brevity of her reign. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mary I's authority over the Church differ from that of her father, Henry VIII?

<p>She was not recognized as the Supreme Head. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the political significance of Mary I's marriage to Philip II of Spain?

<p>It created fears of foreign dominance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did Mary's regime face regarding its relationship with the papacy?

<p>Pope Paul IV did not recognize Cardinal Pole. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was established as part of Elizabeth I's Religious Settlement in 1559?

<p>Elizabeth was named as the Supreme Governor of the Church. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly characterizes the Edwardian Reformation?

<p>It was a political event driven by the monarchy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary consequence of the Petition of Right in 1628?

<p>Limited arbitrary imprisonment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event directly triggered the First Bishops' War in 1639?

<p>The imposition of the Prayer Book by Laud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical outcome of the 'Short Parliament' summoned by Charles I?

<p>It lasted for three weeks and was disbanded (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant criticism directed at Charles I during his reign?

<p>His allowance of monopolies that burdened the economy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which battle marked a significant early confrontation in the English Civil War?

<p>Battle of Edgehill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group began to dominate Parliament during the Long Parliament sessions?

<p>Radical reformers like the Earl of Warwick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor that led to the execution of King Charles I in 1649?

<p>The Grand Remonstrance opposing his policies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Charles I's actions toward Parliament during his reign reflect his governance style?

<p>He often imposed decisions without parliamentary approval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of Oliver Cromwell during the Commonwealth period?

<p>To serve as a military dictator known as Lord Protector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the end of Cromwell's attempt to unify England, Scotland, and Ireland?

<p>Cromwell's death and the ensuing disputes in Parliament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Navigation Act of 1651 designed to achieve?

<p>To isolate the Commonwealth from foreign commerce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major change did Blake implement during the Commonwealth regarding the navy?

<p>He built the largest navy England had ever known (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common sentiment towards Cromwell's rule among the populace?

<p>Many saw his regime as similar to that of a tyrannical king (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conflict did England engage in between 1652 and 1674?

<p>The Anglo-Dutch Wars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which territory was NOT part of the English Empire in North America during Cromwell's time?

<p>New York (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of Scotland acknowledging Charles II as king?

<p>Cromwell attempted to invade Scotland due to perceived hostility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Luther's Salvation View

Luther believed salvation comes from God's grace through faith in Jesus, not good deeds.

Luther's Bible Authority

Luther emphasized the Bible as the sole source of divine knowledge, opposing priestly authority.

Edict of Worms

A 1521 decree declaring Luther an outlaw and banning his writings.

Lutherans

Followers of Martin Luther's teachings and beliefs.

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Protestant Reformation

A religious movement challenging the Catholic Church, leading to new Christian denominations.

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Effects of Reformation (Literacy)

The Reformation spurred an increase in the ability to read.

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Effects of Reformation (Denominations)

The Reformation resulted in a rise of many different Christian churches.

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Effects of Reformation (Church Power)

The Reformation diminished the Church's power and influence in some European countries.

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Edward VI's Reign

The period from 1547 to 1553 when Edward VI was King of England. It saw significant religious changes in England.

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Edward VI's Regency

Edward VI was a minor when he became king, ruling under a privy council selected by Henry VIII.

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Privy Council

Group chosen to govern the kingdom during Edward VI's minority.

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Lord Protector

Temporary ruler of England often during times of minority reign; E.g., Edward Seymour and later John Dudley.

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Protestant Church Establishment

The Church of England becoming more Protestant during Edward's reign.

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Common Prayer Book

A book of prayers and services used in English during Edward VI's reign.

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English Replaced Latin

English was used in church services, replacing Latin.

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Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury and a leader of the Protestant church changes in England.

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Mary I's Reign (1553-1558)

A period of transition from a Protestant Edwardian regime to a Catholic one in England. Despite some fears, the transition was relatively smooth, with limited resistance.

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Edwardian Reformation

A political event, driven from above, implementing Protestant changes in England rather than a religious one originating from the people.

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Mary's succession Crisis

Succession was challenged when Henry VIII's will named Mary as queen after Edward VI (who died childless), but Lady Jane Grey claimed the throne for a short period before Mary's authority was reinstated.

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Mary I's marital choice

Mary I married Philip II of Spain, but gave him limited power.

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Religious settlement of 1559 (Elizabeth I)

Elizabeth I established the Church of England with her being the Supreme Governor, avoiding the title of Supreme Head used by Henry VIII.

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Smooth political transition under Mary

The transfer of governmental power under Mary, a Catholic monarch, from the Protestant Edwardian regime was relatively peaceful.

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Parliamentary legislation and religious authority

Religion and authority in England relied on laws enacted by Parliament. Mary understood the importance of gaining parliamentary support.

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Restoration of relations with Rome

Mary's plan to restore England's Catholic ties to the Pope was disrupted by the Pope.

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Act of Uniformity

A law passed in England that mandated attendance at Anglican services and the use of the Book of Common Prayer, imposing a fine for non-compliance. It also preserved the crucifix as a symbol in both Anglican and Catholic churches.

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Puritans

A group of English Protestants who sought to reform the Church of England, advocating for simpler religious practices and a stricter moral code.

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Parliament's Growing Power

The English Parliament gained significant power in the 1530s when Henry VIII used it to break from the Catholic Church. This resulted in the nobility receiving confiscated church lands and positions.

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House of Commons: Gentry & Burgesses

The House of Commons, part of English Parliament, included the Gentry (sons of nobility without titles) and the Burgesses (wealthy townspeople). The distinction between them blurred during the 16th century.

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Elizabeth I and Parliament

Queen Elizabeth I worked closely with Parliament, seeking their consent for raising taxes, but cautious not to cede too much power. She was the first Tudor to acknowledge the importance of popular consent.

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The Rise of English Trade

During the 16th century, English trade underwent substantial growth, fueled by successful merchant adventurers and private companies. This led to increased economic prosperity and English ships engaging in piracy against Spanish trade.

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English Piracy & Spanish Treasure Ships

English ships targeted Spanish and Portuguese ships, especially those carrying treasure from the New World, to gain wealth and establish their own colonial ambitions.

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English Colonial Expansion

Motivated by trade and wealth, England began establishing colonies in the West Indies and North America, focusing on the former. This expansion was stimulated by the success of privateers like Hawkins and Drake.

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Charles I's 'Useless Parliament'

The Parliament of 1625, which granted Charles only one year of Tonnage and Poundage tax, a significant reduction from the historical lifetime grant.

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Petition of Right (1628)

A document demanding Charles I respect fundamental rights like no arbitrary imprisonment and taxation only with Parliament's consent.

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Charles I's 'Sole Rule'

The period between 1629 and 1640 when Charles ruled without Parliament, imposing his own authority and policies.

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Scottish Bishops Wars

A series of conflicts between Charles I and Scotland over the introduction of a new prayer book that challenged Scottish Presbyterianism.

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Scottish National Covenant

A pledge by the Scottish people to defend their Presbyterian faith against Charles I's attempts to change religious practices.

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Long Parliament (1640)

A parliament convened by Charles I in response to the Second Bishops War, which became a platform for growing opposition to the King and his policies.

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Grand Remonstrance (1641)

A document outlining Parliament's grievances against King Charles I, outlining his religious policies and alleged abuses of power.

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Battle of Naseby (1645)

A decisive battle in the English Civil War where Parliament's forces under Oliver Cromwell defeated the Royalist army, marking a turning point in the war.

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Cromwell's Ireland Campaign

In 1649, Oliver Cromwell led the English army to Ireland to crush a Catholic rebellion, aiming to solidify English control in the region.

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Navigation Act (1651)

This act imposed restrictions on foreign ships trading with English colonies, promoting English shipping and economic dominance.

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Commonwealth's Isolation

The Commonwealth faced isolation from other countries, with France and England imposing trade restrictions on each other.

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Dutch East India Company

The first joint-stock company, founded in the Netherlands, thrived on trade with the East Indies, demonstrating Dutch economic power and exploration.

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Anglo-Dutch Wars

A series of naval conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic (1652-1674), sparked by rivalry for trade and dominance in the seas.

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Commonwealth's Troubles

The experiment with republican government in England struggled, as Cromwell faced conflict with parliament, mirroring the struggles of the Stuart kings.

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Restoration of Monarchy

After Cromwell's death, a movement emerged to restore the monarchy, partly due to dissatisfaction with the Commonwealth's rule and Oliver's dictatorial style.

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Richard Cromwell's Succession

Oliver Cromwell named his eldest son Richard as his successor, but Richard lacked the political skills and strength to maintain control.

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Study Notes

Protestant Reformation

  • Growing concerns about the Catholic Church's power and influence led to challenges to its doctrine.
  • Questionable practices like simony, indulgences, excessive wealth, and clerical violations of biblical rules were issues.
  • Initial challenges aimed to reform the Catholic Church, but ultimately created a schism in Europe.

Context of Reformation

  • Previous attempts at church reform in Europe (e.g., Jan Huss, John Wycliffe) had occurred.
  • These reformers were executed for challenging church doctrine.
  • Martin Luther is a key figure in the Reformation.

Motivating Factors of the Reformation

  • A Catholic Monk (Luther) believed corrupt teachings and practices warranted reform.
  • While indulgences were central, other practices, such as clerical immorality, simony, nepotism, and pluralism contributed to the diminishing respect for the Catholic Church.

The Selling of Indulgences

  • The Catholic Church sold indulgences, which were papal pardons for reducing time spent in purgatory.
  • The money raised was used to build St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, primarily during the early 1500s, authorized by Pope Leo X.
  • The selling affected different social groups differently, with wealth flowing from some to others.

Luther's Teachings and Excommunication

  • Luther taught salvation is a gift from God's grace, not earned by good deeds.
  • He challenged papal authority, emphasizing the Bible as the sole source of truth. — he believed all Christians to be a 'holy priesthood'
  • The Emperor Charles V excommunicated Luther and declared him a heretic.

Effects of the Reformation

  • Increased literacy and independent thinking
  • Numerous denominations of Christianity
  • Wars between differing Christian denominations
  • A lessening of Church influence in state affairs
  • Colonization affected by religious beliefs

Henry VIII's Reign as King

  • The War of the Roses led to the Tudor Dynasty gaining power in England.
  • Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until 1547.
  • His desire to have a male heir to the throne was a factor in his reforms.

Religious and Political Aspects of Henry VIII's Reign

  • Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled, and he married Anne Boleyn.
  • Henry sought an annulment due to not having a son, against the advice of Cardinal Wolsey.
  • This led to the Act in Restraint of Appeals, making England a sovereign state separate from the Catholic Church.
  • An Act of Supremacy made Henry the Supreme Head of the Church in England in 1534.

Henry VIII and the Reformation

  • Henry remained a Catholic, and did not wholly embrace the reformation's concepts, though his breakaway from the church resulted in many changes.
  • He controversially was given the title "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X.

Edward VI's Reign

  • Edward VI became king as a child, and the Protestant Church became more prominent during his time, through leadership of a regency Privy Council.
  • The concept of "faith alone" became a key element of belief during this period, with icons removed from church services.

Mary I Reign

  • Succession crises emerged with Mary I's succession.
  • Despite fears of religious conflict, the transition occurred relatively smoothly.
  • Mary I sought to return England to the Catholic faith.

Elizabeth I's Reign

  • Elizabeth I restored a balance between Protestantism and Catholicism, using a combination of religious freedom and royal control.
  • The Act of Uniformity determined attendance at Anglican Mass, using the Book of Common Prayer, which kept the crucifix in church services and structures.

The Stuart Monarchs: James I and Charles I

  • Parliament gained power during the reign of the Stuart monarchs.
  • The Stuart monarchs were embroiled in conflict between their belief in the divine right of kings and the assertion of Parliament's rights.
  • Religious divisions increased as Puritan beliefs grew. Many in Parliament saw the Stuarts' religious policies as an inappropriate intrusion into matters of policy.

The English Civil War

  • The English Civil War resulted in the eventual fall of the Monarchy and the establishment of a Commonwealth.

The Commonwealth, Republic, and Protectorate

  • The execution of Charles I led to a republic in England.
  • Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector, establishing a military dictatorship with support and dissent.

The Restoration

  • The Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II in 1660 marked a period of reversal for England.
  • The Glorious Revolution, initiated by William and Mary of Orange, ensured the Parliament had a greater role in government.

The Glorious Revolution

  • Parliament's role grew in power.
  • A balance of power between the king and the Parliament, as enshrined in the Bill of Rights, was established.

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Description

Explore the key factors and figures that led to the Protestant Reformation. This quiz covers the rise of challenges against the Catholic Church, the role of Martin Luther, and the sale of indulgences. Test your knowledge on this pivotal moment in history.

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