Proteomics Overview and Applications
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of proteins particularly their composition, structures, functions, and interactions of the proteins directing the activities of the cell?

Proteomics

What can give a rough estimation of the expression of a protein?

Genomics

What is the main goal of proteomics?

To identify which proteins interact

What are the major applications of proteomics?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics is simpler than genomics.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protein design?

<p>The process of creating new proteins with specific properties by manipulating the sequence of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protein design is a reverse procedure of protein structure prediction.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of how protein design is used in medicine?

<p>Researchers have crafted proteins that selectively bind to cancer cells and others that inhibit viral infection, paving new paths for drug development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is traditionally used to create antibodies?

<p>Injecting the target protein into a lab animal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies created in a lab animal are readily usable as treatments.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one approach to overcome the issue of foreign antibodies?

<p>Humanizing the antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of in silico design?

<p>To utilize bioinformatics and computational modeling to skip all of the steps, saving years in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic high-throughput separation and characterization of proteins within biological systems?

<p>Proteomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what level do disease processes become manifest and at which most drugs act?

<p>The protein level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some practical applications of proteomics?

<p>Diagnostic target discovery, target validation, lead compound selection, investigation of drug modes of action, toxicology, and chemical development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protein synthesis inhibitor?

<p>A substance that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to the generation of new proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a kind of targeted therapy.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are involved in signal transduction leading to cell growth and multiplication?

<p>Tyrosine kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors slow cancer down and help people live longer.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are protease inhibitors?

<p>A type of drug that blocks the action of proteases, enzymes that break down proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protease inhibitors are used to treat HIV.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do clinical proteomic studies aiming at biomarker discovery require?

<p>A platform to identify sensitivity, accuracy, reproducibility, and high sample throughput.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are biomarkers discovered during health screening?

<p>By comparing protein expression profiles between normal and diseased samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative biomarkers are involved in yes/no analysis, while quantitative biomarkers are involved in pathogenic process detection with a threshold effect.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics is an indispensable methodology employed for identifying protein biomarkers.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics can now be used to comprehensively compare the expression of proteins in samples.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Targeted proteomics with high sensitivity has been developed for protein quantification.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of proteomics research in health screening?

<p>To establish a bio-signature from protein expression profiles, allowing rapid, precise, and reliable discrimination of different pathological states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does proteomics enable early diagnosis of diseases?

<p>By identifying abnormal proteins that are not normally present in healthy cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics is a useful tool for determining the biological roles and functions of individual proteins and identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern seed germination, vigour, and viability in response to ageing in agriculture.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins in dry seeds plays a central role in dormancy release, metabolism resumption, and ageing processes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The accumulation of oxidized (carbonylated) proteins in dry seeds is associated with ageing and might induce loss-of-function of proteins and enzymes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factors like high temperature, salt and heavy metal stress, and pathogens cause problems for agricultural management and reduce grain yield and quality.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of natural products used in the ecological transition in agriculture to replace toxic pesticides?

<p>Biocontrol, biostimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the objectives of the ecological transition in agriculture?

<p>To develop new natural products like biocontrol and biostimulant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics is used in food technology and food biotechnology for characterization and standardization of raw materials.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics is used as a tool for the detection of possible bacterial contamination and microbial safety in food.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics has been successfully applied to the study of food protein groups such as milk, meat, and cereal proteins.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics approaches have been used to compare milk proteins from different species and other dairy products, deplete, fractionate, or remove some proteins of milk, and discover and characterize bioactive milk components.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomics can be used to understand the effects of environmental, nutritional, biological, and industrial factors on fish meat quality.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recent developments in separation methods and mass spectrometers have made proteomic analysis an essential methodology for obtaining very valuable protein information for understanding cellular mechanisms or for the identification of proteins involved.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteomic analysis is becoming an increasingly sensitive and informative technique.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proteomics Overview

  • Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, including their composition, structures, functions, and interactions within cells.
  • This study is more complex than genomics because protein expression changes over time and with environmental conditions, while a genome is largely constant.
  • Genomics provides an estimate of protein expression, but proteins often work together, and proteomics aims to identify interacting proteins.

Applied Proteomics

  • Proteomics involves studying genes, messenger RNA (mRNA), and proteins.
  • The process begins with genomic information (14,000 genes), followed by transcriptomic analysis (mRNA).
  • This leads to proteomic analysis, which examines the hundreds of protein forms per cell type.

Proteomics Applications

  • Used in pharmaceutical industry for drug development and design.
  • Used in biomedicine, oncology, and agriculture/food microbiology.

Protein Design (Pharmaceutical Sector)

  • Protein design is the creation of new proteins with specific properties, achieved through manipulating amino acid sequences.

  • This process combines computational modeling, laboratory experiments, and interdisciplinary knowledge.

  • Protein design can involve creating molecules with desired 3D structures and functions, which is a reverse process of protein structure prediction.

  • Understanding protein folding principles is crucial in creating effective protein design solutions.

  • In medicine, design is used for therapeutics with high specificity and low toxicity.

  • Examples include proteins selectively binding to cancer cells, as well as those inhibiting viral infection.

  • Antibody production traditionally involves injecting a target protein into a lab animal, letting the immune system produce antibodies, and purifying the result.

  • A downside to this approach is that antibodies from another species might be rejected by a human body.

  • Adjustments to the antibody sequence to resemble human sequences can solve this issue, but may compromise its structure.

  • In silico design utilizes bioinformatics and computational modeling to bypass these steps, saving considerable time in protein design processes.

Drug Design and Proteomics

  • Proteomics is the systematic study and characterization of proteins in biological systems. Most drugs act at the protein level, making proteomics a central part of drug development.
  • Drug design using proteomics involves drug discovery by examining proteins connected to a disease to find suitable targets, lead validation, drug mode of action investigation, and chemical development.

Protein synthesis inhibitors

  • Protein synthesis inhibitors halt or slow cell growth by interfering with protein generation processes.
  • An example is tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which are a form of targeted therapy acting by interfering with signal transduction leading to cell growth and division.

Protein Identification and Biomarkers

  • Clinical proteomic studies aim to discover biomarkers for identifying diseases with high accuracy, reproducibility, and a high sample rate.
  • Extensive proteome coverage of complex samples is necessary to detect proteins with varying concentrations.
  • High-throughput MS (mass spectrometry)-based profiling techniques like MALDITOF and SELDI allow rapid detection of molecular masses and help screen small amounts of clinical samples for biomarkers.
  • Biomarkers are proteins that can indicate normal or pathogenic biological processes or pharmacologic responses to treatments. These are crucial for fundamental research and clinical applications.
  • Qualitative biomarkers are used for yes/no diagnoses, whereas quantitative biomarkers use a threshold for analysis.
  • Proteomics is helpful for identifying protein biomarkers that can be used to detect or diagnose diseases, even before symptoms appear, which could ultimately help treatment development.
  • Proteomic studies aim to achieve a 'bio-signature' from protein expression patterns across different biological fluids, which can be effectively used for pathology diagnosis.

Proteomics in Agriculture/Food

  • Proteomics is applied in food technology to characterize and standardize raw materials.
  • Crucial for detecting potential microbial contamination and ensuring food safety.
  • Proteomics is employed in studying and characterizing proteins in food groups like milk, meat, and cereals to identify and potentially utilize any unique protein biomarkers that could indicate quality issues or other properties.
  • In agricultural applications, proteomics is used to study plants and plant traits, and underlying mechanisms like resistance to stresses, improving seed quality. This method enables a better understanding of how proteins interact to manage and protect crops against biotic or abiotic stressors.

Evolution

  • Recent technological advances in separation techniques combined with mass spectrometers have made proteomic analysis crucial for understanding cellular mechanisms and protein identification.
  • Increased sensitivity and resolution in proteomics make it an essential tool in biological research.

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Proteomics - 3rd Year Biotechnology PDF

Description

This quiz explores the vast field of proteomics, focusing on its study of proteins, their interactions, and how this branch of biology differs from genomics. It covers applied proteomics in understanding gene expression, its applications in various industries, and its significance in protein design within pharmaceuticals.

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