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Questions and Answers
Which amino acids are strictly ketogenic?
Which amino acids are strictly ketogenic?
What is the role of a limiting amino acid in animal nutrition?
What is the role of a limiting amino acid in animal nutrition?
Which of the following amino acids is primarily associated with toxicity in low protein diets?
Which of the following amino acids is primarily associated with toxicity in low protein diets?
What defines a good quality protein?
What defines a good quality protein?
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Which amino acids are common limiting amino acids in poultry diets?
Which amino acids are common limiting amino acids in poultry diets?
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What characterizes a zwitterion in terms of electrical charge?
What characterizes a zwitterion in terms of electrical charge?
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Which structural level of proteins refers to the sequence of amino acids?
Which structural level of proteins refers to the sequence of amino acids?
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What type of protein is specifically classified as capable of yielding only amino acids upon hydrolysis?
What type of protein is specifically classified as capable of yielding only amino acids upon hydrolysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a fibrous protein?
Which of the following is NOT a fibrous protein?
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What percentage of nitrogen is typically found in proteins?
What percentage of nitrogen is typically found in proteins?
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Which amino acid group contains compounds that can be toxic when converted in the rumen?
Which amino acid group contains compounds that can be toxic when converted in the rumen?
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What is a characteristic of tertiary protein structure?
What is a characteristic of tertiary protein structure?
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Which of the following statements about amino acids is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about amino acids is incorrect?
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Study Notes
Proteins
- Building blocks of proteins are amino acids.
- Proteins contain 16% nitrogen.
- Some contain sulfur, phosphorus, and iron in addition to carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
- Proteins are amphoteric compounds (zwitterions).
- Crude protein includes both true protein and non-protein nitrogen (NPN).
Structure of Proteins
- Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids
- Secondary Structure: conformation of the amino acid chain by hydrogen bonds.
- Tertiary Structure: bending and folding of polypeptide chains giving a characteristic biological activity.
- Quaternary Structure: multi-sub-unit structure stabilized by non-covalent interactions.
Classification of Proteins
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Simple Proteins: composed solely of amino acids, yielding only amino acids or their derivatives upon hydrolysis.
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Fibrous Proteins (Sceloproteins):
- Collagens
- Elastin
- Keratins
- Myosin and tropomyosin
- Globular Proteins:
-
Fibrous Proteins (Sceloproteins):
- Conjugated Proteins: contain non-protein components
Other Nitrogenous Compounds:
- Amines
- Amides (e.g. Urea)
- Nitrates: converted to toxic nitrite in the rumen.
- Alkaloids: poisonous nitrogen-containing compounds formed by some plants and fungi.
Amino Acids
- Organic acids containing one or more amino groups (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH).
- Basic structural units of protein.
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids that vary in relative amounts and in kind from protein to protein.
- 20 to 25 amino acids are present in feed proteins and enter in the make up of animal tissues.
Classification of Amino Acids Based on Structure and Properties
- Essential Amino Acids (EAA): must be obtained from the diet.
- Nonessential Amino Acids (NEAA): can be synthesized by the body.
- Neutral amino acids are absorbed fastest.
- Acidic amino acids are absorbed slowest.
- Only leucine and lysine are strictly ketogenic.
- Isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are both glucogenic and ketogenic.
- Methionine is the most toxic amino acid, followed by tryptophan, tyrosine, and threonine.
- Amino Acid Antagonism:
- Lysine-Arginine antagonism
- Leucine-Isoleucine-Valine antagonism
Limiting Amino Acid (LAA)
- The essential amino acid present in a protein in the least amount in relation to the animal's need for that particular amino acid.
- Lysine is the first limiting amino acid of corn-soy diets in growing pigs.
- Methionine and cystine are common limiting amino acids in poultry diets, especially corn-soy diets.
Biological Value (BV)
- Percentage of the digestible protein of a feed which is usable by the animal.
Good Quality Protein:
- Has a desirable balance of EAA and high BV.
- Examples: Milk, meat meal, fish meal, soybean meal
Low Quality Protein:
- Extremely deficient in one or more EAAs.
- Examples: Blood meal, feather meal, corn
By-Pass Protein
- Proteins not acted upon by microbial fermentation in the rumen, resulting in better protein utilization and performance.
Fats and Oils
- Contain C, H, and O.
- More C and H in proportion to O than do carbohydrates.
- Insoluble in water but soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzene.
- Fats and oils are the most important lipids.
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Description
This quiz delves into the fundamental aspects of proteins, including their building blocks, structural formations, and classifications. Explore the intricacies of amino acids and how they form the various structures of proteins, from primary to quaternary. Test your knowledge on the significance and types of proteins in biological systems.
