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Questions and Answers
BAPNA is a synthetic substrate that is used to measure proteolytic enzyme activity.
BAPNA is a synthetic substrate that is used to measure proteolytic enzyme activity.
True
Which of the following factors can denature proteins?
Which of the following factors can denature proteins?
What happens to whipped cream after it is hydrolyzed by lipase?
What happens to whipped cream after it is hydrolyzed by lipase?
It becomes watery due to the breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
What causes the rancid taste in whipped cream after lipase hydrolysis?
What causes the rancid taste in whipped cream after lipase hydrolysis?
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What is the chemical formula for urea?
What is the chemical formula for urea?
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A positive result on a dipstick test for glucose indicates diabetes or high sugar intake.
A positive result on a dipstick test for glucose indicates diabetes or high sugar intake.
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A positive result on a dipstick test for proteins suggests kidney damage.
A positive result on a dipstick test for proteins suggests kidney damage.
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A positive result on a dipstick test for ketones indicates diabetes, starvation, or other metabolic disturbances.
A positive result on a dipstick test for ketones indicates diabetes, starvation, or other metabolic disturbances.
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Which of the following tests is used to detect kidney issues or albuminuria?
Which of the following tests is used to detect kidney issues or albuminuria?
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What is the purpose of the iodine test?
What is the purpose of the iodine test?
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What does the Benedict's Test detect?
What does the Benedict's Test detect?
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What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
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What is the basic unit of fats/lipids?
What is the basic unit of fats/lipids?
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What does the Biuret Test detect?
What does the Biuret Test detect?
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What does the Orcinol Test detect?
What does the Orcinol Test detect?
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What does the Phosphotungstic Acid Test detect?
What does the Phosphotungstic Acid Test detect?
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A positive result on a Mugnwala test for calcium indicates the presence of calcium in the sample.
A positive result on a Mugnwala test for calcium indicates the presence of calcium in the sample.
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The presence of proteins in urine is always indicative of kidney damage.
The presence of proteins in urine is always indicative of kidney damage.
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The presence of ketone bodies in urine can indicate diabetes, starvation, or increased fat oxidation.
The presence of ketone bodies in urine can indicate diabetes, starvation, or increased fat oxidation.
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Study Notes
BAPNA (N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide)
- Synthetic substrate for measuring proteolytic enzyme activity
- Proteases cleave BAPNA, releasing p-nitroaniline
- Yellow color indicates enzyme activity
- Color intensity reflects proteolysis level
Factors that Denature Proteins
- Heat: High temperatures disrupt protein structures
- pH Changes: Extreme acid or alkaline conditions cause proteins to lose natural structure
- Alcohol: Alters protein folding by breaking hydrogen bonds
- Heavy Metals: Ions like mercury or lead bind to proteins, disrupting structure
- Mechanical Agitation: Stirring or shaking can cause proteins to denature
Whipped Cream After Lipase Hydrolysis
- Texture Change: After lipase hydrolysis, whipped cream becomes watery
- Due to breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Release of Fatty Acids (Rancid Taste)
- Rancid Taste: Breakdown of triglycerides by lipase releases fatty acids
- Gives rancid taste due to incomplete oxidation of fats
TNP (Tri-nitrophenol)
- Highly acidic phenol with three nitro groups attached to benzene ring
- Used to test for certain compounds, especially reducing agents
- Often identified in chemical reactions involving reducing sugars or phenolic compounds
Uric Acid
- Purine derivative (C5H4N4O3) that crystallizes as yellowish-brown crystals
- High levels associated with gout
- Murexide Test results in bluish-violet color, indicating uric acid or derivatives
Creatinine
- Nitrogenous waste product (C4H7N3O) resulting from muscle metabolism
- Levels in urine indicate kidney function
- Healthy individuals excrete 1.2-1.7 g/h
Indican
- Breakdown product of tryptophan in the intestine, related to intestinal putrefaction
- Obermeyer's Test yields greenish-blue result, indicating indican's presence
Other Biochemical components of urine
- Blood cells(red or white)
- Bacteria
- Crystals (e.g., urates, phosphates)
- Proteins: Presence suggests kidney damage (proteinuria)
- Glucose: Presence (glycosuria) often linked to diabetes mellitus
- Ketone Bodies: Produced during fat metabolism; seen in diabetes, starvation
Liver Problems indicators
- Bilirubin: Breakdown product of hemoglobin; elevated levels in urine may indicate liver disease
- Urobilinogen: Decrease or increase in urine can indicate liver dysfunction or hemolytic disease
Diabetes indicators
- Bence-Jones Proteins: May be present in urine, signaling possible multiple myeloma
- Ketone Bodies: Indicate ketoacidosis, a severe condition of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Urea
- Nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism, excreted in urine
- Formula: CO(NH2)2
- Structure: A carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two amine groups (NH2)
Dipstick Test
- Commonly used to test for pH (4.5-8.2), glucose (diabetes), proteins (kidney damage), and ketones (diabetes, starvation).
- Microscopic examination helps identify cells, bacteria, crystals in urine, diagnosing conditions like UTIs or kidney stones.
Situational Problems
- Interpret abnormal results based on known conditions
- Example: High glucose and ketones suggest diabetic ketoacidosis
- Example: Proteinuria with high blood pressure could suggest kidney damage or nephropathy.
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Description
Test your knowledge about protein denaturation, enzymatic activity involving BAPNA, and the effects of lipase on whipped cream. Understand the factors affecting protein structure and the implications of enzymatic reactions on food quality. Dive into the science behind proteolytic enzymes and their indicators of activity.
