Proteins and Enzymes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

BAPNA is a synthetic substrate that is used to measure proteolytic enzyme activity.

True (A)

Which of the following factors can denature proteins?

  • Heavy metals (correct)
  • pH changes (correct)
  • Mechanical agitation (correct)
  • Alcohol (correct)
  • Heat (correct)

    • What happens to whipped cream after it is hydrolyzed by lipase?

    It becomes watery due to the breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

    What causes the rancid taste in whipped cream after lipase hydrolysis?

    <p>The release of fatty acids due to the incomplete oxidation of fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for urea?

    <p>CO(NH2)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive result on a dipstick test for glucose indicates diabetes or high sugar intake.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive result on a dipstick test for proteins suggests kidney damage.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive result on a dipstick test for ketones indicates diabetes, starvation, or other metabolic disturbances.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to detect kidney issues or albuminuria?

    <p>Nitric Acid Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the iodine test?

    <p>To detect the presence of starch before enzymatic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Benedict's Test detect?

    <p>The presence of reducing sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of fats/lipids?

    <p>Acyl glycerols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Biuret Test detect?

    <p>The presence of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Orcinol Test detect?

    <p>Pentose sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Phosphotungstic Acid Test detect?

    <p>Proteinaceous components, including mucin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive result on a Mugnwala test for calcium indicates the presence of calcium in the sample.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of proteins in urine is always indicative of kidney damage.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of ketone bodies in urine can indicate diabetes, starvation, or increased fat oxidation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    BAPNA

    A synthetic substrate used to measure proteolytic enzyme activity.

    Proteolytic enzyme

    An enzyme that breaks down proteins.

    Protein denaturation

    Loss of a protein's structure due to factors that disrupt its shape

    Heat denaturation

    High temperatures disrupt protein structure.

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    pH denaturation

    Extreme acid or alkaline conditions disrupt protein structure.

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    Alcohol denaturation

    Alcohol alters protein folding by breaking hydrogen bonds.

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    Heavy Metal denaturation

    Heavy metal ions bind to proteins, disrupting their structure.

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    Mechanical agitation denaturation

    Stirring or shaking can cause protein denaturation.

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    TNP

    Tri-nitrophenol, a highly acidic phenol with three nitro groups.

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    Uric acid identification

    High levels associated with gout, detected by the Murexide Test (turns bluish-violet).

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    Creatinine

    Nitrogenous waste product from muscle metabolism, indicates kidney function.

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    Indican

    Product of tryptophan breakdown, linked to intestinal putrefaction.

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    Proteinuria

    Presence of proteins in urine, suggests kidney damage.

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    Glycosuria

    Presence of glucose in urine, often linked to diabetes.

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    Ketone bodies

    Produced during fat metabolism, in diabetes, starvation.

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    Bence-Jones Proteins

    Indicative of multiple myeloma, precipitate at low temp, dissolve at high.

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    Bilirubin

    Breakdown product of hemoglobin; elevated levels may indicate liver disease.

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    Urobilinogen

    Decreased/increased levels in urine can indicate liver dysfunction or hemolytic disease.

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    Dipstick Test

    Common urine test for pH, glucose, proteins, and ketones.

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    Study Notes

    BAPNA (N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide)

    • Synthetic substrate for measuring proteolytic enzyme activity
    • Proteases cleave BAPNA, releasing p-nitroaniline
    • Yellow color indicates enzyme activity
    • Color intensity reflects proteolysis level

    Factors that Denature Proteins

    • Heat: High temperatures disrupt protein structures
    • pH Changes: Extreme acid or alkaline conditions cause proteins to lose natural structure
    • Alcohol: Alters protein folding by breaking hydrogen bonds
    • Heavy Metals: Ions like mercury or lead bind to proteins, disrupting structure
    • Mechanical Agitation: Stirring or shaking can cause proteins to denature

    Whipped Cream After Lipase Hydrolysis

    • Texture Change: After lipase hydrolysis, whipped cream becomes watery
    • Due to breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids

    Release of Fatty Acids (Rancid Taste)

    • Rancid Taste: Breakdown of triglycerides by lipase releases fatty acids
    • Gives rancid taste due to incomplete oxidation of fats

    TNP (Tri-nitrophenol)

    • Highly acidic phenol with three nitro groups attached to benzene ring
    • Used to test for certain compounds, especially reducing agents
    • Often identified in chemical reactions involving reducing sugars or phenolic compounds

    Uric Acid

    • Purine derivative (C5H4N4O3) that crystallizes as yellowish-brown crystals
    • High levels associated with gout
    • Murexide Test results in bluish-violet color, indicating uric acid or derivatives

    Creatinine

    • Nitrogenous waste product (C4H7N3O) resulting from muscle metabolism
    • Levels in urine indicate kidney function
    • Healthy individuals excrete 1.2-1.7 g/h

    Indican

    • Breakdown product of tryptophan in the intestine, related to intestinal putrefaction
    • Obermeyer's Test yields greenish-blue result, indicating indican's presence

    Other Biochemical components of urine

    • Blood cells(red or white)
    • Bacteria
    • Crystals (e.g., urates, phosphates)
    • Proteins: Presence suggests kidney damage (proteinuria)
    • Glucose: Presence (glycosuria) often linked to diabetes mellitus
    • Ketone Bodies: Produced during fat metabolism; seen in diabetes, starvation

    Liver Problems indicators

    • Bilirubin: Breakdown product of hemoglobin; elevated levels in urine may indicate liver disease
    • Urobilinogen: Decrease or increase in urine can indicate liver dysfunction or hemolytic disease

    Diabetes indicators

    • Bence-Jones Proteins: May be present in urine, signaling possible multiple myeloma
    • Ketone Bodies: Indicate ketoacidosis, a severe condition of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

    Urea

    • Nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism, excreted in urine
    • Formula: CO(NH2)2
    • Structure: A carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two amine groups (NH2)

    Dipstick Test

    • Commonly used to test for pH (4.5-8.2), glucose (diabetes), proteins (kidney damage), and ketones (diabetes, starvation).
    • Microscopic examination helps identify cells, bacteria, crystals in urine, diagnosing conditions like UTIs or kidney stones.

    Situational Problems

    • Interpret abnormal results based on known conditions
    • Example: High glucose and ketones suggest diabetic ketoacidosis
    • Example: Proteinuria with high blood pressure could suggest kidney damage or nephropathy.

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    Related Documents

    Document (7).pdf - Biochemistry Lab Manual PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about protein denaturation, enzymatic activity involving BAPNA, and the effects of lipase on whipped cream. Understand the factors affecting protein structure and the implications of enzymatic reactions on food quality. Dive into the science behind proteolytic enzymes and their indicators of activity.

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