Protein Tertiary Structure Quiz

Questions and Answers

What stabilizes tertiary structure in proteins?

Covalent bonds (disulfide bridges) and weaker interactions (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions)

What is the role of arginine in proteins?

It participates in chemical reactions at the active sites of enzymes.

What term characterizes the composition of an amino acid's R group?

Primary

R group (correct)

Tertiary

Quaternary

Classify arginine.

Basic Signup and view all the answers

Classify glutamine and asparagine.

Neutral polar Signup and view all the answers

Classify alanine.

Neutral nonpolar Signup and view all the answers

Classify glutamic acid.

Acidic Signup and view all the answers

What structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits?

Quaternary Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is a nucleotide?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What does secondary structure describe?

Alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

What is quaternary structure?

The result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger complex Signup and view all the answers

What describes tertiary structure?

A compact three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups Signup and view all the answers

What describes primary structure?

The sequence of amino acids in a protein Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers.

nucleotide Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _________ monomers.

simple sugar Signup and view all the answers

Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

amino acid Signup and view all the answers

Select the statement that is incorrect.

All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n. Signup and view all the answers

A ___________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

monosaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a ___________ because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

disaccharide Signup and view all the answers

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a ______________.

polysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a _______________.

carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

Glycogen is _____

a polysaccharide found in animals Signup and view all the answers

Glucose + glucose —> _ by _.

maltose + water Signup and view all the answers

_________ is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.

maltose Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a source of lactose?

milk Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose is a ____________ composed of many monomers.

carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

___________ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA Signup and view all the answers

________ is the family of molecules that includes fats, steroids, waxes and phospholipids.

lipids Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is a _________.

steroid Signup and view all the answers

Cells use ________ for energy storage.

fats Signup and view all the answers

_____________ fats tails are made of only single bonds.

saturated Signup and view all the answers

Fats containing double bonds in one or more tails are called _________ fats.

unsaturated Signup and view all the answers

Unsaturated fats are normally

liquid at room temperature Signup and view all the answers

Steroids are

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a phospholipid?

phospholipid Signup and view all the answers

_________ are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.

phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

olive oil Signup and view all the answers

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component of _____________________ .

animal cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

proteins Signup and view all the answers

A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.

water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

an oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Every amino acid contains

a carboxyl group and an amino group. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

carboxyl functional group Signup and view all the answers

Which monomers make up RNA?

nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid. Signup and view all the answers

True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by ____________.

hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids Signup and view all the answers

Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _ .

glycosidic linkage Signup and view all the answers

Glycosidic linkages join simple sugars to form ______________.

polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____

cellulose Signup and view all the answers

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____

False Signup and view all the answers

Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are ____________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.

nonpolar Signup and view all the answers

Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _, and the coils or folds are held in place by _.

secondary structure...hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

A polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Signup and view all the answers

A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?

on the inside of the folded chain, away from water Signup and view all the answers

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-TAAACG-5' Signup and view all the answers

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

75 guanine bases Signup and view all the answers

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar Signup and view all the answers

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _ to to _____

DNA to RNA to protein Signup and view all the answers

The information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into _____

protein Signup and view all the answers

The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

A nucleotide is a nucleic acid ______________ consisting of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

monomer Signup and view all the answers

_______________ are joined together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid molecules.

nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

glycogen, starch, and amylopectin Signup and view all the answers

___________ fats have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

unsaturated Signup and view all the answers

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the _____________

primary level Signup and view all the answers

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

low solubility in water Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?

Yes, nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water. Signup and view all the answers

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are polymers of _____.

amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are usually described in __ levels of structure because they are so complicated.

4 Signup and view all the answers

Secondary structure of protein

The way in which the chain of amino acids of the polypeptides of a protein is folded. Signup and view all the answers

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. Signup and view all the answers

Quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary structure is directly dependent on _, not on ___

bonds between sulfur atoms, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds NOT on peptide bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?

the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken. Signup and view all the answers

Hydrolysis (removal of water) reactions

polymers -> monomers Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B?

one Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group(s) shown below is (are) present in all amino acids?

COOH and NH2 Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group can act as a base?

amino Signup and view all the answers

Polymers that contain sugars...

(A), (B), and (C). Signup and view all the answers

Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

contain fewer double bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?

5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3' Signup and view all the answers

What structural difference accounts for the functional differences between starch and cellulose?

Starch and cellulose differ in the glycosidic linkages between their glucose monomers. Signup and view all the answers

Both starch and cellulose are __________ polymers, but the glycosidic linkages in these two polymers differ.

glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds?

primary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions

Condensation reaction, also known as dehydration, links monomers by removing a water molecule.
Hydrolysis is the process of breaking bonds in monomers using a water molecule.

Monomers of Biological Molecules

Nucleic acids are formed from nucleotide monomers.
Carbohydrates originate from simple sugar monomers.
Proteins consist of amino acid monomers.

Carbohydrate Structures

Monosaccharides are simple carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further.
Disaccharides, such as lactose, are formed from two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides yield many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis; examples include glycogen and cellulose.

Glycogen and Cellulose

Glycogen is a polysaccharide utilized for energy storage in animals.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, primarily found in plant cell walls.

Lipids and Their Properties

Lipids encompass fats, steroids, waxes, and phospholipids and are characterized by their nonpolar nature, leading to low solubility in water.
Unsaturated fats contain double bonds in their fatty acid tails, while saturated fats have only single bonds.

Protein Structure and Function

Proteins are polymers formed from amino acids linked via peptide bonds.
The four structural levels of proteins include primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (coiling and folding), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (association of multiple polypeptides).
Enzymes facilitate hydrolysis during digestion, breaking down food molecules.

Nucleic Acids and DNA

DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotide monomers.
Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to proteins, a process that includes transcription and translation.

Functional Groups in Amino Acids

Each amino acid contains a carboxyl group and an amino group, and the R group determines its characteristics.
Amino acids can be categorized as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar based on their R groups.

Base Pairing and DNA Structure

The stability of DNA is attributed to hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases.
Complementary base pairing rules dictate that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

Distinctions in Sugar Polymers

Starch and cellulose differ in glycosidic linkages, affecting their function in storage versus structural roles.
Both are glucose polymers but differ in configurations of glucose monomers.

Functional Roles of Biological Molecules

Polymers containing sugars can store energy, protect cells, and play roles in heredity.
Phospholipids form cell membranes, with their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails creating bilayers that support cellular structure.

Summary of Key Concepts

Digestion and energy storage involve complex biochemical processes, with enzymes facilitating reactions such as hydrolysis and condensation.
The diversity and function of biological molecules stem from the interactions and arrangements of their monomers.### Nucleotide Definition
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide comprising three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups.

Protein Structure Levels

Primary Structure: The sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Secondary Structure: Characterized by alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed through hydrogen bonding between nearby backbone atoms in the polypeptide chain.
Tertiary Structure: The folding of a protein into a compact three-dimensional shape, stabilized by interactions among side-chain R groups of amino acids.
Quaternary Structure: Results from the assembly of two or more protein subunits into a larger, biologically active protein complex.

Structural Levels Sorting

A sorting activity involves categorizing proteins based on their structural levels, from primary through quaternary structures.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the stabilization of protein tertiary structure through various interactions and bonds. This quiz covers key concepts such as disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions that contribute to the structure of globular proteins.

Protein Tertiary Structure Quiz

Questions and Answers

What stabilizes tertiary structure in proteins?

What is the role of arginine in proteins?

What term characterizes the composition of an amino acid's R group?

Classify arginine.

Classify glutamine and asparagine.

Classify alanine.

Classify glutamic acid.

What structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits?

Which molecule is a nucleotide?

What does secondary structure describe?

What is quaternary structure?

What describes tertiary structure?

What describes primary structure?

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers.

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _________ monomers.

Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

Select the statement that is incorrect.

A ___________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a ___________ because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a ______________.

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a _______________.

Glycogen is _____

Glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

_________ is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.

Which of these is a source of lactose?

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

Cellulose is a ____________ composed of many monomers.

___________ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

________ is the family of molecules that includes fats, steroids, waxes and phospholipids.

Cholesterol is a _________.

Cells use ________ for energy storage.

_____________ fats tails are made of only single bonds.

Fats containing double bonds in one or more tails are called _________ fats.

Unsaturated fats are normally

Steroids are

Which of these is a phospholipid?

_________ are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component of _____________________ .

Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.

Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

Every amino acid contains

Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

Which monomers make up RNA?

Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by ____________.

The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____

Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____________ ____________.

Glycosidic linkages join simple sugars to form ______________.

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____

Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are ____________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.

Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____.

A polypeptide

A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____ to ______ to _______

The information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into _____

The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

A nucleotide is a nucleic acid ______________ consisting of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

_______________ are joined together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid molecules.

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

___________ fats have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the _____________

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?

Phospholipids

Proteins are polymers of _____.

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

Proteins are usually described in __ levels of structure because they are so complicated.

Glucose + glucose —> _ by _.

Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _ .

Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _, and the coils or folds are held in place by _.

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _ to to _____

Tertiary structure is directly dependent on _, not on ___