Protein Tertiary Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What stabilizes tertiary structure in proteins?

Covalent bonds (disulfide bridges) and weaker interactions (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions)

What is the role of arginine in proteins?

It participates in chemical reactions at the active sites of enzymes.

What term characterizes the composition of an amino acid's R group?

  • Primary
  • R group (correct)
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary

    • Classify arginine.

    <p>Basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classify glutamine and asparagine.

    <p>Neutral polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classify alanine.

    <p>Neutral nonpolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classify glutamic acid.

    <p>Acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits?

    <p>Quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a nucleotide?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does secondary structure describe?

    <p>Alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is quaternary structure?

    <p>The result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes tertiary structure?

    <p>A compact three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes primary structure?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for a condensation reaction?

    <p>dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

    <p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers.

    <p>nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _________ monomers.

    <p>simple sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

    <p>amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the statement that is incorrect.

    <p>All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ___________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

    <p>monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a ___________ because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

    <p>disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a ______________.

    <p>polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a _______________.

    <p>carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is _____

    <p>a polysaccharide found in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

    <p>maltose + water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.

    <p>maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a source of lactose?

    <p>milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a polysaccharide?

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is a ____________ composed of many monomers.

    <p>carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a lipid?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the family of molecules that includes fats, steroids, waxes and phospholipids.

    <p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol is a _________.

    <p>steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells use ________ for energy storage.

    <p>fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________ fats tails are made of only single bonds.

    <p>saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats containing double bonds in one or more tails are called _________ fats.

    <p>unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsaturated fats are normally

    <p>liquid at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroids are

    <p>lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a phospholipid?

    <p>phospholipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.

    <p>phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

    <p>olive oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component of _____________________ .

    <p>animal cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

    <p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.

    <p>water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

    <p>an oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every amino acid contains

    <p>a carboxyl group and an amino group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

    <p>carboxyl functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monomers make up RNA?

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

    <p>A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by ____________.

    <p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____

    <p>proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____________ ____________.

    <p>glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycosidic linkages join simple sugars to form ______________.

    <p>polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are ____________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.

    <p>nonpolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____.

    <p>secondary structure...hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polypeptide

    <p>A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?

    <p>on the inside of the folded chain, away from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

    <p>3'-TAAACG-5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

    <p>75 guanine bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

    <p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____

    <p>phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____ to ______ to _______

    <p>DNA to RNA to protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into _____

    <p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nucleotide is a nucleic acid ______________ consisting of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

    <p>monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______________ are joined together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid molecules.

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

    <p>glycogen, starch, and amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ fats have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

    <p>unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the _____________

    <p>primary level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

    <p>low solubility in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?

    <p>Yes, nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids

    <p>a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are polymers of _____.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

    <p>peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are usually described in __ levels of structure because they are so complicated.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary structure of protein

    <p>The way in which the chain of amino acids of the polypeptides of a protein is folded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

    <p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary structure

    <p>The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quaternary structure

    <p>The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary structure is directly dependent on _____, not on _______

    <p>bonds between sulfur atoms, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds NOT on peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

    <p>carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?

    <p>the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrolysis (removal of water) reactions

    <p>polymers -&gt; monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B?

    <p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group(s) shown below is (are) present in all amino acids?

    <p>COOH and NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group can act as a base?

    <p>amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymers that contain sugars...

    <p>(A), (B), and (C).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

    <p>contain fewer double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?

    <p>5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural difference accounts for the functional differences between starch and cellulose?

    <p>Starch and cellulose differ in the glycosidic linkages between their glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both starch and cellulose are __________ polymers, but the glycosidic linkages in these two polymers differ.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds?

    <p>primary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions

    • Condensation reaction, also known as dehydration, links monomers by removing a water molecule.
    • Hydrolysis is the process of breaking bonds in monomers using a water molecule.

    Monomers of Biological Molecules

    • Nucleic acids are formed from nucleotide monomers.
    • Carbohydrates originate from simple sugar monomers.
    • Proteins consist of amino acid monomers.

    Carbohydrate Structures

    • Monosaccharides are simple carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further.
    • Disaccharides, such as lactose, are formed from two monosaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides yield many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis; examples include glycogen and cellulose.

    Glycogen and Cellulose

    • Glycogen is a polysaccharide utilized for energy storage in animals.
    • Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, primarily found in plant cell walls.

    Lipids and Their Properties

    • Lipids encompass fats, steroids, waxes, and phospholipids and are characterized by their nonpolar nature, leading to low solubility in water.
    • Unsaturated fats contain double bonds in their fatty acid tails, while saturated fats have only single bonds.

    Protein Structure and Function

    • Proteins are polymers formed from amino acids linked via peptide bonds.
    • The four structural levels of proteins include primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (coiling and folding), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (association of multiple polypeptides).
    • Enzymes facilitate hydrolysis during digestion, breaking down food molecules.

    Nucleic Acids and DNA

    • DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotide monomers.
    • Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to proteins, a process that includes transcription and translation.

    Functional Groups in Amino Acids

    • Each amino acid contains a carboxyl group and an amino group, and the R group determines its characteristics.
    • Amino acids can be categorized as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar based on their R groups.

    Base Pairing and DNA Structure

    • The stability of DNA is attributed to hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases.
    • Complementary base pairing rules dictate that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

    Distinctions in Sugar Polymers

    • Starch and cellulose differ in glycosidic linkages, affecting their function in storage versus structural roles.
    • Both are glucose polymers but differ in configurations of glucose monomers.

    Functional Roles of Biological Molecules

    • Polymers containing sugars can store energy, protect cells, and play roles in heredity.
    • Phospholipids form cell membranes, with their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails creating bilayers that support cellular structure.

    Summary of Key Concepts

    • Digestion and energy storage involve complex biochemical processes, with enzymes facilitating reactions such as hydrolysis and condensation.
    • The diversity and function of biological molecules stem from the interactions and arrangements of their monomers.### Nucleotide Definition
    • ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide comprising three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups.

    Protein Structure Levels

    • Primary Structure: The sequence of amino acids in a protein.
    • Secondary Structure: Characterized by alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed through hydrogen bonding between nearby backbone atoms in the polypeptide chain.
    • Tertiary Structure: The folding of a protein into a compact three-dimensional shape, stabilized by interactions among side-chain R groups of amino acids.
    • Quaternary Structure: Results from the assembly of two or more protein subunits into a larger, biologically active protein complex.

    Structural Levels Sorting

    • A sorting activity involves categorizing proteins based on their structural levels, from primary through quaternary structures.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the stabilization of protein tertiary structure through various interactions and bonds. This quiz covers key concepts such as disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions that contribute to the structure of globular proteins.

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