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Questions and Answers
What stabilizes tertiary structure in proteins?
What stabilizes tertiary structure in proteins?
Covalent bonds (disulfide bridges) and weaker interactions (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions)
What is the role of arginine in proteins?
What is the role of arginine in proteins?
It participates in chemical reactions at the active sites of enzymes.
What term characterizes the composition of an amino acid's R group?
What term characterizes the composition of an amino acid's R group?
- Primary
- R group (correct)
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
Classify arginine.
Classify arginine.
Classify glutamine and asparagine.
Classify glutamine and asparagine.
Classify alanine.
Classify alanine.
Classify glutamic acid.
Classify glutamic acid.
What structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits?
What structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits?
Which molecule is a nucleotide?
Which molecule is a nucleotide?
What does secondary structure describe?
What does secondary structure describe?
What is quaternary structure?
What is quaternary structure?
What describes tertiary structure?
What describes tertiary structure?
What describes primary structure?
What describes primary structure?
What is another name for a condensation reaction?
What is another name for a condensation reaction?
What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?
What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?
Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers.
Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers.
Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _________ monomers.
Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _________ monomers.
Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.
Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.
Select the statement that is incorrect.
Select the statement that is incorrect.
A ___________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.
A ___________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.
Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a ___________ because it can be split into two monosaccharides.
Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a ___________ because it can be split into two monosaccharides.
A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a ______________.
A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a ______________.
A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a _______________.
A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a _______________.
Glycogen is _____
Glycogen is _____
Glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
Glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
_________ is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.
_________ is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.
Which of these is a source of lactose?
Which of these is a source of lactose?
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
Cellulose is a ____________ composed of many monomers.
Cellulose is a ____________ composed of many monomers.
___________ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
___________ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
Which of these is NOT a lipid?
Which of these is NOT a lipid?
________ is the family of molecules that includes fats, steroids, waxes and phospholipids.
________ is the family of molecules that includes fats, steroids, waxes and phospholipids.
Cholesterol is a _________.
Cholesterol is a _________.
Cells use ________ for energy storage.
Cells use ________ for energy storage.
_____________ fats tails are made of only single bonds.
_____________ fats tails are made of only single bonds.
Fats containing double bonds in one or more tails are called _________ fats.
Fats containing double bonds in one or more tails are called _________ fats.
Unsaturated fats are normally
Unsaturated fats are normally
Steroids are
Steroids are
Which of these is a phospholipid?
Which of these is a phospholipid?
_________ are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.
_________ are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.
Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component of _____________________ .
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component of _____________________ .
Which polymers are composed of amino acids?
Which polymers are composed of amino acids?
A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.
A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.
Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?
Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?
Every amino acid contains
Every amino acid contains
Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?
Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?
Which monomers make up RNA?
Which monomers make up RNA?
Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?
Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?
True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.
True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.
Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by ____________.
Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by ____________.
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____
Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____________ ____________.
Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____________ ____________.
Glycosidic linkages join simple sugars to form ______________.
Glycosidic linkages join simple sugars to form ______________.
Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____
Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____
Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are ____________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.
Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are ____________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.
Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____.
Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____.
A polypeptide
A polypeptide
A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?
A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____
The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____ to ______ to _______
The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____ to ______ to _______
The information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into _____
The information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into _____
The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.
The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.
A nucleotide is a nucleic acid ______________ consisting of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
A nucleotide is a nucleic acid ______________ consisting of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
_______________ are joined together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid molecules.
_______________ are joined together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid molecules.
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
___________ fats have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
___________ fats have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the _____________
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the _____________
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?
Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?
Phospholipids
Phospholipids
Proteins are polymers of _____.
Proteins are polymers of _____.
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
Proteins are usually described in __ levels of structure because they are so complicated.
Proteins are usually described in __ levels of structure because they are so complicated.
Secondary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
Tertiary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
Quaternary structure
Tertiary structure is directly dependent on _____, not on _______
Tertiary structure is directly dependent on _____, not on _______
Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?
Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
Hydrolysis (removal of water) reactions
Hydrolysis (removal of water) reactions
How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B?
How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B?
Which functional group(s) shown below is (are) present in all amino acids?
Which functional group(s) shown below is (are) present in all amino acids?
Which functional group can act as a base?
Which functional group can act as a base?
Polymers that contain sugars...
Polymers that contain sugars...
Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?
What structural difference accounts for the functional differences between starch and cellulose?
What structural difference accounts for the functional differences between starch and cellulose?
Both starch and cellulose are __________ polymers, but the glycosidic linkages in these two polymers differ.
Both starch and cellulose are __________ polymers, but the glycosidic linkages in these two polymers differ.
Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds?
Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds?
Flashcards
Condensation Reaction
Condensation Reaction
A chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing a water molecule.
Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Reaction
A chemical reaction that breaks down a larger molecule into smaller molecules, using a water molecule.
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
The monomer of nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA.
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
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Disaccharide
Disaccharide
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Lipid
Lipid
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Amino Acid
Amino Acid
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Peptide Bond
Peptide Bond
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Protein
Protein
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Enzyme
Enzyme
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Primary Structure
Primary Structure
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Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
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Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
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Quaternary Structure
Quaternary Structure
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DNA
DNA
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RNA
RNA
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ATP
ATP
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Unsaturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat
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Saturated Fat
Saturated Fat
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Complementary Base Pairing
Complementary Base Pairing
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Starch
Starch
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Glycosidic Linkages
Glycosidic Linkages
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Study Notes
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
- Condensation reaction, also known as dehydration, links monomers by removing a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis is the process of breaking bonds in monomers using a water molecule.
Monomers of Biological Molecules
- Nucleic acids are formed from nucleotide monomers.
- Carbohydrates originate from simple sugar monomers.
- Proteins consist of amino acid monomers.
Carbohydrate Structures
- Monosaccharides are simple carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further.
- Disaccharides, such as lactose, are formed from two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides yield many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis; examples include glycogen and cellulose.
Glycogen and Cellulose
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide utilized for energy storage in animals.
- Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, primarily found in plant cell walls.
Lipids and Their Properties
- Lipids encompass fats, steroids, waxes, and phospholipids and are characterized by their nonpolar nature, leading to low solubility in water.
- Unsaturated fats contain double bonds in their fatty acid tails, while saturated fats have only single bonds.
Protein Structure and Function
- Proteins are polymers formed from amino acids linked via peptide bonds.
- The four structural levels of proteins include primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (coiling and folding), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (association of multiple polypeptides).
- Enzymes facilitate hydrolysis during digestion, breaking down food molecules.
Nucleic Acids and DNA
- DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotide monomers.
- Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to proteins, a process that includes transcription and translation.
Functional Groups in Amino Acids
- Each amino acid contains a carboxyl group and an amino group, and the R group determines its characteristics.
- Amino acids can be categorized as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar based on their R groups.
Base Pairing and DNA Structure
- The stability of DNA is attributed to hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases.
- Complementary base pairing rules dictate that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Distinctions in Sugar Polymers
- Starch and cellulose differ in glycosidic linkages, affecting their function in storage versus structural roles.
- Both are glucose polymers but differ in configurations of glucose monomers.
Functional Roles of Biological Molecules
- Polymers containing sugars can store energy, protect cells, and play roles in heredity.
- Phospholipids form cell membranes, with their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails creating bilayers that support cellular structure.
Summary of Key Concepts
- Digestion and energy storage involve complex biochemical processes, with enzymes facilitating reactions such as hydrolysis and condensation.
- The diversity and function of biological molecules stem from the interactions and arrangements of their monomers.### Nucleotide Definition
- ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide comprising three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups.
Protein Structure Levels
- Primary Structure: The sequence of amino acids in a protein.
- Secondary Structure: Characterized by alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed through hydrogen bonding between nearby backbone atoms in the polypeptide chain.
- Tertiary Structure: The folding of a protein into a compact three-dimensional shape, stabilized by interactions among side-chain R groups of amino acids.
- Quaternary Structure: Results from the assembly of two or more protein subunits into a larger, biologically active protein complex.
Structural Levels Sorting
- A sorting activity involves categorizing proteins based on their structural levels, from primary through quaternary structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the stabilization of protein tertiary structure through various interactions and bonds. This quiz covers key concepts such as disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions that contribute to the structure of globular proteins.
