Questions and Answers
What are the steps of transcription?
What happens during initiation of transcription?
The RNA polymerase binds to a DNA molecule at the promoter region (the TATA box).
What happens during elongation of transcription?
RNA binds to DNA and reads the DNA strands, using one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into mRNA.
What happens during termination of transcription?
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What is the process that makes the nucleotide chain functional?
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What happens during mRNA processing?
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What happens during translation?
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What are the sites for tRNA attachment called?
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What is the start codon?
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What are the stop codons?
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How many amino acids and codons are there?
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What happens during initiation during translation?
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What happens during elongation during translation?
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What happens during termination during translation?
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Study Notes
Transcription Process
- Transcription involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Initiation of Transcription
- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA, particularly at the TATA box.
Elongation of Transcription
- RNA reads the DNA strands using one strand as a template and assembles nucleotides to form mRNA.
Termination of Transcription
- RNA polymerase encounters a termination signal, leading to the release of mRNA and the polymerase from the DNA strand.
mRNA Processing
- This process modifies the nucleotide chain to make it functional by removing introns (non-coding sequences) and joining exons (coding sequences).
- A guanine triphosphate cap is added to the 5' end, while a poly A tail is added to the 3' end, allowing the mRNA to exit the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Translation Process
- During translation, mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins.
tRNA Attachment Sites
- The ribosome has three sites for tRNA attachment: E (exit), P (peptidyl), and A (aminoacyl).
Start Codon
- The start codon is AUG, which signals the incorporation of the amino acid methionine (MET) into the growing polypeptide chain.
Stop Codons
- There are three stop codons: UAG, UAA, and UGA, which signal the end of protein synthesis.
Codons and Amino Acids
- There are 64 possible codons, which code for 20 different amino acids.
Initiation of Translation
- Ribosomes attach to mRNA at the start codon, facilitating the delivery of amino acids by tRNA that match the codons.
Elongation During Translation
- New tRNA molecules fill the A and P sites of the ribosome, resulting in the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Termination During Translation
- The process concludes when the ribosome reaches a stop codon, leading to the release of mRNA from the ribosome, completing protein synthesis.
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Explore the essential steps of transcription in protein synthesis with these flashcards. Each card details critical processes such as initiation, elongation, and termination to enhance your understanding of molecular biology.