Podcast
Questions and Answers
We have already referred to DNA as a code or blueprint for living things. More specifically, it is a code for making ________.
We have already referred to DNA as a code or blueprint for living things. More specifically, it is a code for making ________.
proteins
A sequence of bases = a gene. Each gene on a chromosome “codes” for a protein (aka ________).
A sequence of bases = a gene. Each gene on a chromosome “codes” for a protein (aka ________).
polypeptide
If proteins are strings of amino acids, the DNA determines the ________ of the amino acids.
If proteins are strings of amino acids, the DNA determines the ________ of the amino acids.
sequence
Protein Synthesis = the ________ of proteins or gene ________.
Protein Synthesis = the ________ of proteins or gene ________.
The DNA is located inside the ________ but proteins are made on the ________.
The DNA is located inside the ________ but proteins are made on the ________.
Protein Synthesis involves a cousin of DNA, called . RNA is similar to DNA, but instead of being double stranded, it is only ________ stranded. RNA consists of a pentose sugar (), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
Protein Synthesis involves a cousin of DNA, called . RNA is similar to DNA, but instead of being double stranded, it is only ________ stranded. RNA consists of a pentose sugar (), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
The nitrogenous bases used in RNA are different. The purines are the same (Adenine and Guanine), but the pyrimidines are different (Cytosine and ). RNA comes in 3 types:
mRNA ( RNA)
tRNA (________ RNA)
rRNA (________ RNA)
The nitrogenous bases used in RNA are different. The purines are the same (Adenine and Guanine), but the pyrimidines are different (Cytosine and ). RNA comes in 3 types: mRNA ( RNA) tRNA (________ RNA) rRNA (________ RNA)
Transcription starts inside the ________ and involves ________. A region of the DNA unwinds. The enzyme ________ Polymerase begins to match up RNA base pairs to the unzipped ________ strand using the RNA pairing rules.
Transcription starts inside the ________ and involves ________. A region of the DNA unwinds. The enzyme ________ Polymerase begins to match up RNA base pairs to the unzipped ________ strand using the RNA pairing rules.
These new base pairs form a strand of ________. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the ________.
These new base pairs form a strand of ________. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the ________.
The mRNA goes to a ________ and binds to it. Next, translation begins.
Essentially, transcription is all about creating ________.
The mRNA goes to a ________ and binds to it. Next, translation begins. Essentially, transcription is all about creating ________.
Translation occurs on the ________. The ________ binds to the ribosome. The ribosome “reads” the mRNA in sequences of 3 bases at a time. Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a ________. Each codon codes for an ________ acid.
Translation occurs on the ________. The ________ binds to the ribosome. The ribosome “reads” the mRNA in sequences of 3 bases at a time. Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a ________. Each codon codes for an ________ acid.
For example: 3 U's in a row is read as UUU and equals the amino acid ________. tRNA molecules match their ________ with the codons on the mRNA molecule and bring with them the correct ________ acids. The tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome. The growing chain of amino acids eventually forms a ________.
For example: 3 U's in a row is read as UUU and equals the amino acid ________. tRNA molecules match their ________ with the codons on the mRNA molecule and bring with them the correct ________ acids. The tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome. The growing chain of amino acids eventually forms a ________.
AUG = the amino acid ________. This the universal ________ codon. This tells the ribosome when to ________ building the protein. Every protein begins with the codon AUG.
AUG = the amino acid ________. This the universal ________ codon. This tells the ribosome when to ________ building the protein. Every protein begins with the codon AUG.
UAA, UAG, and UGA are known as the ________ codons. They instruct the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
UAA, UAG, and UGA are known as the ________ codons. They instruct the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
Flashcards
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
The process of creating proteins from a DNA sequence.
RNA
RNA
A nucleic acid similar to DNA, but single-stranded and contains ribose sugar.
Transcription
Transcription
The phase of protein synthesis where DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
Translation
Translation
The phase of protein synthesis where mRNA is translated into a protein.
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mRNA (messenger RNA)
mRNA (messenger RNA)
The molecule that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
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Codon
Codon
Three bases on mRNA that code for an amino acid.
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tRNA (transfer RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Molecules that match mRNA codons and bring specific amino acids during translation.
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AUG
AUG
The universal start codon that initiates protein synthesis; codes for methionine.
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Stop Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
Stop Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
Codons that signal the end of protein synthesis.
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Polypeptide
Polypeptide
The sequence of amino acids.
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- DNA serves as a code or blueprint for living organisms, and is specifically used to create proteins.
- A gene is a sequence of bases within DNA and codes for a protein, also known as a polypeptide.
- DNA dictates the sequence of amino acids to form proteins.
- Protein synthesis is the manufacturing or expression of proteins or genes.
- DNA is located in the nucleus, while proteins are made on the ribosome
- Protein synthesis uses RNA, a cousin of DNA, to direct the ribosomes.
- RNA is single-stranded, unlike the double-stranded DNA.
- RNA consists of a ribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
- RNA uses uracil instead of thymine (found in DNA) as one of its pyrimidine bases, while purines remain the same.
- There are three types of RNA: mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
- Protein Synthesis occurs in two phases: Transcription and Translation.
Transcription
- Occurs in the nucleus and involves mRNA.
- A region of DNA unwinds
- RNA polymerase matches RNA base pairs to the unzipped DNA strand using specific pairing rules
- A binds with U
- G binds with C
- C binds with G
- The new base pairs form a strand of mRNA.
- The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores.
- The DNA winds back up.
- The mRNA goes to a ribosome and binds to it to start translation.
- Essentially, transcription is all about creating mRNA.
Translation
- Translation occurs on the ribosome.
- mRNA binds to the ribosome.
- The ribosome reads the mRNA in sequences of 3 bases, called a codon.
- Each codon codes for an amino acid.
- For example: UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine.
- tRNA molecules match their anticodons with the codons on the mRNA molecule, bringing the corresponding amino acids.
- tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome, with the chain of amino acids forming a protein.
- There are 64 possible codon combinations (U, A, G, C), but only 20 amino acids, meaning some amino acids are coded for by multiple codons.
Special Codons
- AUG codes for the amino acid methionine and acts as the universal start codon.
- The start codon signals the ribosome when to start building the protein, and every protein begins with AUG.
- UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons, which signal the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
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