Protein Synthesis Process
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

  • To transcribe DNA sequence into mRNA
  • To catalyze the reaction between tRNA and amino acids
  • To translate mRNA sequence into amino acid sequence (correct)
  • To degrade amino acids

    • Which of the following steps occurs in the liver and kidneys?

  • Urea synthesis
  • Translation
  • Transcription
  • Amino acid degradation (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the urea cycle?

  • To produce energy from amino acids
  • To convert ammonia to urea for excretion (correct)
  • To synthesize amino acids
  • To degrade amino acids

    • What is the coenzyme required for transamination reactions?

    <p>Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of deamination reactions?

    <p>Ammonia (NH3) and alpha-keto acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction between ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in the urea cycle?

    <p>Ornithine transcarbamylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the urea cycle?

    <p>Urea and ornithine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in protein synthesis?

    <p>Deamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protein Synthesis

    • Process by which cells create proteins
    • Occurs in ribosomes, involving mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids
    • Steps:
      1. Transcription: DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA
      2. Translation: mRNA sequence is translated into amino acid sequence
      3. Initiation: Ribosome binds to mRNA, initiating protein synthesis
      4. Elongation: Amino acids are added to growing protein chain
      5. Termination: Protein synthesis is completed, and protein is released

    Amino Acid Degradation

    • Process by which cells break down amino acids
    • Occurs in liver and kidneys, and involves deamination and transamination
    • Steps:
      1. Deamination: Amino group is removed from amino acid, converting it to an alpha-keto acid
      2. Transamination: Alpha-keto acid is converted to another alpha-keto acid, which can be used in energy production or gluconeogenesis
      3. Oxidative Decarboxylation: Alpha-keto acid is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle

    Transamination

    • Reaction in which an amino acid is converted to an alpha-keto acid
    • Catalyzed by transaminases, which require pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as a coenzyme
    • Reversible reaction: Alpha-amino acid + Alpha-keto acid ⇌ Alpha-keto acid + Alpha-amino acid

    Deamination

    • Reaction in which an amino group is removed from an amino acid
    • Catalyzed by enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase and amino acid oxidases
    • Results in the formation of an alpha-keto acid and ammonia (NH3)

    Urea Cycle (Ureagenesis)

    • Process by which ammonia (NH3) is converted to urea, which is excreted in urine
    • Occurs in liver, and involves the following steps:
      1. Citrulline synthesis: Ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate react to form citrulline
      2. Argininosuccinate synthesis: Citrulline and aspartate react to form argininosuccinate
      3. Arginine synthesis: Argininosuccinate is cleaved to form arginine and fumarate
      4. Urea synthesis: Arginine is hydrolyzed to form urea and ornithine

    Protein Synthesis

    • Process by which cells create proteins
    • Occurs in ribosomes, involving mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids

    Transcription

    • DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA

    Translation

    • mRNA sequence is translated into amino acid sequence

    Initiation

    • Ribosome binds to mRNA, initiating protein synthesis

    Elongation

    • Amino acids are added to growing protein chain

    Termination

    • Protein synthesis is completed, and protein is released

    Amino Acid Degradation

    • Process by which cells break down amino acids
    • Occurs in liver and kidneys

    Deamination

    • Amino group is removed from amino acid, converting it to an alpha-keto acid

    Transamination

    • Alpha-keto acid is converted to another alpha-keto acid

    Oxidative Decarboxylation

    • Alpha-keto acid is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle

    Transamination

    • Reaction in which an amino acid is converted to an alpha-keto acid
    • Catalyzed by transaminases, which require pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as a coenzyme
    • Reversible reaction: Alpha-amino acid + Alpha-keto acid ⇌ Alpha-keto acid + Alpha-amino acid

    Deamination

    • Reaction in which an amino group is removed from an amino acid
    • Catalyzed by enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase and amino acid oxidases
    • Results in the formation of an alpha-keto acid and ammonia (NH3)

    Urea Cycle (Ureagenesis)

    • Process by which ammonia (NH3) is converted to urea, which is excreted in urine
    • Occurs in liver

    Citrulline Synthesis

    • Ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate react to form citrulline

    Argininosuccinate Synthesis

    • Citrulline and aspartate react to form argininosuccinate

    Arginine Synthesis

    • Argininosuccinate is cleaved to form arginine and fumarate

    Urea Synthesis

    • Arginine is hydrolyzed to form urea and ornithine

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    Description

    Quiz on the process of protein synthesis, including transcription, translation, initiation, elongation, and termination steps.

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