Protein Synthesis

<p>A-T and G-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chargraff</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA molecule could only be stable if the strands ran antiparralel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The addictiveness of nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advertisements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helped build/sponsor schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A way to stop people from smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12.4 million dollars</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes a product with a base sequence complementary to the template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to its complementary sequence in the template DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Base stacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From 5’ to 3’ of the elongated DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Joins the Okazaki fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the 5’ to 3’ direction using multiple primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To extend the lifespan of mRNA by protecting it from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated to form proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-coding regions that are spliced out during mRNA processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilizes electrophoresis to determine DNA fragment size and sequence DNA bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amplifies a single DNA segment into billions of identical copies using primers and repeating cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate replication by providing a starting point for DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carries an amino acid and has a three-base anticodon to convert mRNA sequences to an amino acid sequence in a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most changes are repaired quickly, but those that are not result in mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convert the sequences of bases in mRNA to an amino acid sequence in a protein via tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon, up to 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication is the process of creating a copy of DNA. DNA polymerase is responsible for catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, adding new nucleotides one at a time, and proofreading the newly synthesized DNA strands for errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A DNA double helix consists of two strands of DNA that run in opposite directions (antiparallel). The antiparallel orientation allows the two strands to form hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, contributing to the stability of the double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication. They are formed in the 5' to 3' direction and later joined together by DNA ligase to create a continuous strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primase is responsible for synthesizing a short segment of RNA, which serves as a primer for DNA polymerase to start synthesizing a new DNA strand. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to create a continuous strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Base stacking refers to the alignment of adjacent bases in a DNA double helix, which allows their planar rings to stack on top of one another. This stacking contributes significantly to the stability of the DNA double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semiconservative DNA replication results in each new double helix containing one original DNA strand and one new DNA strand. This ensures the preservation of genetic information and allows for error correction during replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Translocation in protein synthesis occurs when the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 5’ -&gt; 3’ direction, ejecting the empty tRNA, moving the tRNA containing the growing polypeptide into the P site, and opening the A site to a new mRNA codon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The consequences of mutations include selective advantage, genetic diseases (e.g., sickle cell anemia), and cancers caused by defective DNA repair. Mutations accumulate over time due to age and environment, with smoking being a classic mechanism of lung carcinogenesis and a leading cause of cancer deaths in the US and Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tRNA carries an amino acid and has a three-base anticodon. The amino acid carried by tRNA is added to the growing protein via the formation of a peptide bond, with each amino acid specified by three bases (codon) in mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mutation is any change in an organism’s DNA sequence, affecting the phenotype only when expressed as abnormal protein function. Not all mutations generate a phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most mutations occur during DNA replication, but some occur when DNA is not replicating, with most changes being repaired quickly; those that are not result in mutations. Mutations can come from the incorporation of incorrect bases during DNA replication, with most spontaneous changes in DNA being immediately corrected by DNA repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke consists of about 60 known components, and lung cancer is almost entirely preventable, with 80% of cases due to smoking. Secondhand smoking can also have severe health consequences, especially for pregnant women and their babies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid and is made up of two strands of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base. The strands are arranged in a double helix structure, with complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C) held together by hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rosalind Franklin recognized that DNA is a double helix and provided crucial X-ray diffraction images. Watson and Crick used Franklin's work and other data to propose the double helix structure for DNA, discovering the base pairing rules and the antiparallel nature of the DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chargraff's ratios revealed that the amount of adenine (A) is equal to thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is equal to guanine (G) in DNA. This finding provided essential clues about the base pairing rules and the structure of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phosphate and sugar backbone provides structural support for the DNA molecule, forming the outer framework to which the nitrogenous bases are attached. This backbone plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the DNA double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is responsible for transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next in most forms of life on Earth. It carries the genetic code in the sequence of nucleotides, allowing for the inheritance and expression of traits in organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges included understanding the arrangement of nitrogenous bases and the overall three-dimensional structure of DNA. Breakthroughs involved the recognition of the double helix structure by Rosalind Franklin, the discovery of complementary base pairing and antiparallel strands by Watson and Crick, and the establishment of Chargraff's ratios, leading to a deeper understanding of DNA's composition and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kornberg's work highlighted the need for a primer for DNA polymerase to initiate replication and the variation in length of DNA strands, which are crucial aspects of DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco companies used physiological manipulations to convince women to smoke, and the quote 'If you can market a product that kills people, you can sell anything' reflects the ethical implications of their marketing strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sanger method utilizes electrophoresis to determine DNA fragment size and enables the sequencing of DNA bases, which has been pivotal in advancing our understanding of genetics and genomics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tobacco CEO denied that 'nicotine is not addictive' in 1994, and the tobacco industry used advertisements as a powerful tool to make smoking look cool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The PCR process amplifies a single DNA segment into billions of identical copies using primers and repeating cycles, revolutionizing various fields such as diagnostics, forensics, and research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tobacco industry has been targeting young children and adolescents since the 1970s. Under the new FDA rules (2010), tobacco companies cannot sponsor sporting events or sell items with tobacco brands’ logos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central dogma of genetics emphasizes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins, serving as a cornerstone in understanding gene expression and molecular biology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some tobacco companies helped build/sponsor schools to promote their image in the community. E-cigarettes were initially presented as a way to stop people from smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription involves the synthesis of an RNA transcript using one strand of DNA as the template, proceeding in the 5'→3' direction, and is a critical step in gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tobacco industry spent 12.4 million dollars on advertisement and promotion. The intended purpose of e-cigarettes for teens was to stop people from smoking, but it did not work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genes consist of coding regions called exons and non-coding regions called introns, and the splicing out of introns in eukaryotic mRNA is a crucial process in generating functional proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FDA rules (2010) prohibited tobacco companies from sponsoring sporting events and selling items with tobacco brands’ logos. Companies are also not allowed to sell tobacco products in vending machines accessible to minors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers