Protein Synthesis Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the genetic code?

  • To create the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
  • To translate the sequence of nucleotides in DNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. (correct)
  • To determine the structure of a protein.
  • To regulate the rate of protein synthesis.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the genetic code?

  • The genetic code is universal, meaning it is the same for all life forms but with a few exceptions. (correct)
  • The genetic code can be read in different reading frames.
  • The genetic code is identical for all organisms.
  • The genetic code is only applicable to eukaryotic organisms.

How many different codons are possible within a single genetic code?

  • 64 (correct)
  • 128
  • 4
  • 20

What is the specific role of a stop codon in protein synthesis?

<p>To signal the end of a protein chain and terminate translation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the AUG codon in protein synthesis?

<p>It marks the start of the translation process, and it codes for the amino acid methionine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the degeneracy (redundancy) of the genetic code mean?

<p>Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the genetic code that ensures it is read as a continuous sequence of bases without gaps?

<p>Commaless (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the genetic code?

<p>Ambiguous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when one or two nucleotides are deleted or added in a sequence?

<p>The reading frame is altered, changing the amino acid sequence from that point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT required for the translational system?

<p>DNA polymerase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?

<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>To provide structural support and attachment sites in ribosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sedimentation unit size of eukaryotic ribosomes?

<p>80S (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the structure of ribosomes?

<p>Protein factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the addition of 'U' in the given sequence?

<p>It leads to the production of Ser Pro Met Ala. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of RNA are involved in the process of protein biosynthesis?

<p>All three types: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in the location of transcription between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Transcription occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes occurs in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

<p>RNA processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA is produced after transcription in eukaryotic cells?

<p>pre-mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the RNA processing in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mature mRNA exits the nucleus for translation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prokaryotic cells, how does translation relate to transcription?

<p>Translation occurs in the ribosome immediately after transcription. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of prokaryotic DNA distinguishes it from eukaryotic DNA?

<p>Prokaryotic DNA exists in a circular form and is naked. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pre-mRNA before it can be used for translation in eukaryotic cells?

<p>It is modified through RNA processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the transcription and translation process in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Transcription and translation occur simultaneously due to the lack of a nuclear envelope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Translation

The process where RNA is decoded to produce a specific amino acid sequence.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

Genetic Code

A set of rules that defines how nucleotide sequences correspond to amino acids.

Start Codon

The codon that signals the start of translation, usually AUG.

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Termination Codon

Codons that signal the end of protein synthesis (UAG, UGA, UAA).

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Specificity of Genetic Code

Each codon corresponds to a single specific amino acid.

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Degenerate Genetic Code

A single amino acid can be coded by multiple codons.

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Non-overlapping Code

The genetic code is read in separate codons, not overlapping.

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Transcription

The process of copying DNA to produce mRNA.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus where transcription and translation occur simultaneously.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus where transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation happens in the cytoplasm.

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Pre-mRNA

The initial RNA transcript that undergoes processing before becoming mature mRNA.

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mRNA Processing

The modifications made to pre-mRNA, including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation.

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Mature mRNA

The processed form of mRNA that exits the nucleus for translation.

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Nucleosome/Chromatin

DNA packaged with proteins in eukaryotic cells that regulates gene expression.

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Reading Frame

The way nucleotides are grouped into codons during translation.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation that alters the reading frame of mRNA by adding or deleting nucleotides.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

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rRNA

Ribosomal RNA that forms the core of ribosome's structure and function.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

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Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases

Enzymes that attach the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA.

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Ribosome Subunits

Ribosomes consist of two subunits that differ in size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Protein Factors

Proteins that assist in the process of translation.

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Study Notes

Protein Synthesis Overview

  • Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation.
  • Prokaryotes have no nucleus, so transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.
  • Eukaryotes have a nucleus, separating transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (in the cytoplasm).

Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis

  • Prokaryotic DNA is naked in the cytoplasm.
  • Transcription and translation occur simultaneously.

Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis

  • Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
  • Pre-mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA.
  • mRNA then travels to the cytoplasm for translation.

Translation

  • Translation requires a genetic code.
  • The genetic code is a dictionary.
  • Codons (three nucleotide bases) on mRNA correspond to specific amino acids.
  • The sequence of codons determines the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Genetic Code Characteristics

  • Specific: Each codon codes for only one amino acid.
  • Universal: The genetic code is generally the same in all organisms.
  • Degenerate (Redundant): More than one codon can code for the same amino acid.
  • Non-overlapping & Commaless: Codons are read consecutively without punctuation.
  • Start codon (AUG): Initiates protein synthesis.
  • Stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA): Signal the end of protein synthesis.

Components of Translation

  • Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins.
  • tRNA (transfer RNA): Carries amino acids to the ribosome.
  • mRNA (messenger RNA): Carries the genetic code from DNA.
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Forms ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis.
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: Enzymes that attach amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs.
  • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
  • Protein factors: Help with initiation, elongation, and termination of translation.
  • ATP & GTP: Provide energy for translation.

Types of RNA

  • mRNA (messenger RNA): Carries the genetic code from DNA.
  • tRNA (transfer RNA): Carries amino acids to the ribosome.
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Forms ribosomes.

Ribosomes

  • Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
  • Ribosomes have large and small subunits (e.g., prokaryotic 70S, eukaryotic 80S).
  • They provide attachment sites for mRNA and tRNA, facilitating protein synthesis.

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