Protein Synthesis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

  • RNA polymerase breaks peptide bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • RNA polymerase breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs in DNA. (correct)
  • RNA polymerase guides the pairing of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons.
  • RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand. (correct)

    • What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?

  • Codons determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein, while anticodons determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
  • Codons are made of 3 nucleotides, while anticodons are made of 2 nucleotides.
  • Codons are always found in the nucleus, while anticodons are always found in the cytoplasm.
  • Codons are found on mRNA, while anticodons are found on tRNA. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a step in translation?

  • DNA unzips and separates. (correct)
  • Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a protein.
  • tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.
  • mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome.

    • What is the function of a stop codon?

    <p>To signal the end of translation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of transcription?

    <p>The process of converting the genetic code from DNA to RNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the cell does transcription take place?

    <p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about the relationship between DNA and RNA?

    <p>RNA is a copy of DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Translation

    The process of using mRNA to synthesize proteins at the ribosomes.

    mRNA

    A type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

    Codon

    A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.

    Anticodon

    A sequence of three tRNA nucleotides that pairs with a specific codon on mRNA.

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    Start Codon

    The codon (AUG) that signals the start of translation and codes for methionine.

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    Stop Codon

    Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) that signal the termination of translation.

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    Peptide Bond

    The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

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    RNA Polymerase

    An enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA.

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    Study Notes

    Protein Synthesis Overview

    Transcription

    • Making mRNA from DNA
    • Takes place in the nucleus
    • Steps:
      • DNA "unzips"
      • RNA polymerase breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs
      • Free-floating RNA nucleotides attach to DNA bases on one side of the DNA molecule
      • Covalent bonds form between sugars and phosphates on the mRNA strand
      • mRNA molecule is released and DNA "zips" back up
      • RNA polymerases (enzymes) guide transcription by reading the DNA code

    RNA vs. DNA

    • DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil
    • DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded
    • DNA's sugar is deoxyribose; RNA's sugar is ribose
    • DNA stays in the nucleus; RNA travels between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
    • DNA has one type, and RNA has three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

    RNA Importance

    • mRNA (messenger RNA) takes the code out to the ribosomes
    • tRNA (transfer RNA) brings amino acids to the ribosomes to create proteins
    • Information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins; this is the central dogma of molecular biology

    Translation

    • Using mRNA to make proteins
    • Occurs at ribosomes
    • Steps:
      • mRNA leaves nucleus and travels to ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
      • Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA.
      • tRNA bases (anticodons) pair with mRNA bases (codons).
      • Amino acids join by peptide bonds to form proteins (polypeptides)

    Translation Terms

    • Proteins are made of amino acids
    • The order of bases determines which amino acids are used.
    • 3 mRNA nucleotides = codon
    • 3 tRNA nucleotides = anticodon
    • 3 bases code for 1 amino acid
    • Anticodons are specific to certain amino acids
    • Start codon (AUG) – methionine – causes ribosomes to start translation
    • Stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) – cause ribosomes to stop translation

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    Related Documents

    Protein Synthesis Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential processes of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. Learn the specific roles of DNA and RNA and how proteins are created from genetic information. Understand the differences between RNA and DNA, including their structures and functions.

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