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Questions and Answers
What are the subunit sizes of bacterial ribosomes?
Why are protein synthesis inhibitors effective against bacteria?
Which of the following statements about mammalian ribosomes is true?
What is the primary target of protein synthesis inhibitors in bacteria?
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What distinguishes bacterial ribosomes from mammalian ribosomes?
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What type of action do aminoglycosides exhibit?
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What is the target Cmax for aminoglycosides in relation to the MIC?
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How does the efficacy of aminoglycosides depend on their concentration?
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Which statement about the action of aminoglycosides is true?
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What is the relationship between aminoglycosides and the MIC?
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What is the primary purpose of combining a β-lactam antibiotic with another medication when treating certain infections?
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Which types of infections are notably treated with the combination of a β-lactam antibiotic and another agent?
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What is a potential benefit of employing a synergistic effect in antibiotic treatment?
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Why might combining antibiotics be particularly valuable in treating infective endocarditis?
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Which statement correctly describes the relationship between β-lactam antibiotics and other antibiotics in the treatment of Enterococcus infections?
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What potential adverse effect is specifically associated with aminoglycosides?
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Which factors increase the risk of ototoxicity with aminoglycosides?
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Who among the following populations is at higher risk for aminoglycoside-related adverse effects?
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What is a common characteristic of patients at increased risk for nephrotoxicity when using aminoglycosides?
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Which of the following is NOT a condition that contributes to aminoglycoside toxicity?
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What is a potential serious side effect of amikacin use?
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Which of the following bacteria is amikacin commonly used to treat?
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What is the primary reason for monitoring therapeutic drug levels (TDM) of amikacin?
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How does the antibacterial spectrum of tobramycin compare to gentamicin?
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What is the unique application of liposomal amikacin currently being developed?
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Study Notes
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- Target bacterial ribosomes (30S and 50S subunits) to inhibit protein synthesis. Mammalian ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits.
Aminoglycosides
- Mechanism of action: Bactericidal and concentration-dependent (efficacy relies on Cmax exceeding MIC by 8-10 times).
- Often used synergistically with β-lactam antibiotics, especially for treating Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium infective endocarditis.
- Adverse effects: Nephrotoxicity (risk increases with treatment exceeding 5 days, high doses, age, and renal insufficiency); ototoxicity (potentially irreversible, causing deafness).
Amikacin
- Effective against many Gram-negative enteric bacteria resistant to enzymes that inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin.
- Frequently used for severe, hospital-acquired infections involving multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter.
- Liposomal amikacin (inhalation) is under development for respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, non-tubercular mycobacterial infections, and bronchiectasis.
- Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary.
Tobramycin
- Antibacterial spectrum and pharmacokinetics are similar to gentamicin.
- Narrow spectrum, active against Gram-negative bacteria (except for Staphylococcus aureus).
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Description
Test your knowledge on protein synthesis inhibitors, specifically focusing on aminoglycosides like Amikacin. This quiz covers their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. Perfect for students studying pharmacology and microbiology.
