Questions and Answers
What is the first step of protein synthesis?
Transcription
What is the second step of protein synthesis?
Translation
Where does the first step of protein synthesis occur?
nucleus
Where does the second step of protein synthesis occur?
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Nitrogen bases are read _____ bases at a time.
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What are the bases on the mRNA strand called?
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What are the bases on tRNA called?
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What is the start codon?
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What are the stop codons?
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A bunch of amino acids attached together is called?
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Which molecule can leave the nucleus?
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MRNA is made during _____?
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MRNA is made in the _____?
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DNA is located in the _____?
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_____ converts DNA into mRNA.
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_____ is used to carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.
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_____ makes up the ribosome.
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_____ uses uracil instead of thymine.
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_____ acids make up a protein.
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Transcription takes place in the _____?
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TRNA is used in _____?
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TRNA uses _____ to match to the mRNA.
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Proteins are made at the _____?
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_____ attaches the amino acids into a chain.
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TRNA is found in the _____?
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_____ converts mRNA into a protein.
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Translation takes place in the _____?
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What are the three major differences between DNA & RNA?
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What is the point of DNA replication?
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When and where does replication occur?
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What is the point of transcription?
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What are the nucleotides together called on mRNA?
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The mRNA codons can be used in a chart to find?
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What molecule contains an anti-codon?
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Why is tRNA important in translation?
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Translation takes place in the _____ on a _____
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What is the point of translation?
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Transcription and translation together is the process of?
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What is any change in the DNA sequence called?
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Any agent that causes a mutation would be called a?
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What are some examples of things that cause mutations?
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What are the two types of DNA or gene mutations?
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Which one of the two above is more destructive? Why?
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What is the difference between a gene mutation & a chromosome mutation?
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What are the types of chromosome mutations? Explain each.
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Are mutations always bad?
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Study Notes
Protein Synthesis Overview
- Protein Synthesis Process: Involves two main steps: transcription and translation.
Transcription
- First Step: DNA unzips and creates messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
- Location: Occurs in the nucleus.
- Key Component: Resulting mRNA strand is made of codons, which are sequences of three nitrogen bases.
- Agent of Activity: RNA can leave the nucleus after transcription.
Translation
- Second Step: mRNA attaches to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Location: Takes place in the cytoplasm.
- Role of tRNA: Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons using anticodons.
- Key Codons: AUG serves as the start codon, while UAA, UAG, and UGA act as stop codons.
Genetic Code and Amino Acids
- Amino Acid Attachment: A chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide.
- Decoding mRNA: The amino acid sequence can be determined using a codon chart based on the mRNA codons.
Differences Between DNA and RNA
- Structure: DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.
- Sugar Differences: DNA contains deoxyribose sugar; RNA contains ribose sugar.
- Nitrogen Bases: RNA has uracil instead of thymine.
Importance of DNA Replication
- Purpose: Ensures each daughter cell receives a complete set of DNA after cell division.
- Timing: Occurs during the S phase in the nucleus.
Gene Expression
- Overall Process: Transcription and translation together are referred to as gene expression.
Mutations
- Definition: Any change in the DNA sequence is known as a mutation.
- Causes: Agents that can induce mutations are termed mutagens.
- Effects: Most mutations are neutral, some are harmful, and a few can be advantageous, contributing to evolution.
- Types of Mutations: Include base substitutions, deletions, and insertions.
Chromosome Mutations
- Differences from Gene Mutations: Gene mutations affect individual genes, while chromosome mutations can involve larger segments of DNA.
- Types of Chromosome Mutations: Various forms exist but require detailed explanations.
Additional Facts
- Function of mRNA: Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein-making.
- Role of rRNA: Forms part of the ribosome's structure.
- Translation: Converts mRNA into functional proteins.
- Importance of tRNA: Critical for ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids in proteins.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key concepts of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. It covers critical steps and locations within the cell where these processes occur. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of molecular biology.
