Protein Synthesis Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

Transcription

What is the second step of protein synthesis?

Translation

Where does the first step of protein synthesis occur?

nucleus

Where does the second step of protein synthesis occur?

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen bases are read _____ bases at a time.

<p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bases on the mRNA strand called?

<p>codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bases on tRNA called?

<p>anti-codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the start codon?

<p>AUG</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stop codons?

<p>UAA, UAG, UGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bunch of amino acids attached together is called?

<p>polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule can leave the nucleus?

<p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRNA is made during _____?

<p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRNA is made in the _____?

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA is located in the _____?

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ converts DNA into mRNA.

<p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is used to carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.

<p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ makes up the ribosome.

<p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ uses uracil instead of thymine.

<p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ acids make up a protein.

<p>amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription takes place in the _____?

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

TRNA is used in _____?

<p>translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

TRNA uses _____ to match to the mRNA.

<p>anticodons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are made at the _____?

<p>ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ attaches the amino acids into a chain.

<p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

TRNA is found in the _____?

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ converts mRNA into a protein.

<p>translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Translation takes place in the _____?

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major differences between DNA & RNA?

<p>DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single; DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose; RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of DNA replication?

<p>DNA replication needs to occur so that every cell will have a complete set of DNA following cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When and where does replication occur?

<p>S phase in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of transcription?

<p>make mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the nucleotides together called on mRNA?

<p>an anti-codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mRNA codons can be used in a chart to find?

<p>specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule contains an anti-codon?

<p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tRNA important in translation?

<p>Because it transports amino acids to the ribosome in the process of translating the mRNA code to a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Translation takes place in the _____ on a _____

<p>cytoplasm and ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of translation?

<p>turn RNA into protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription and translation together is the process of?

<p>gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is any change in the DNA sequence called?

<p>mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Any agent that causes a mutation would be called a?

<p>mutagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of things that cause mutations?

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What are the two types of DNA or gene mutations?

<p>Base substitutions, deletions and insertions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the two above is more destructive? Why?

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What is the difference between a gene mutation & a chromosome mutation?

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What are the types of chromosome mutations? Explain each.

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Are mutations always bad?

<p>Most mutations don't make any difference to the organism; some can be harmful, while others can be beneficial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protein Synthesis Overview

  • Protein Synthesis Process: Involves two main steps: transcription and translation.

Transcription

  • First Step: DNA unzips and creates messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
  • Location: Occurs in the nucleus.
  • Key Component: Resulting mRNA strand is made of codons, which are sequences of three nitrogen bases.
  • Agent of Activity: RNA can leave the nucleus after transcription.

Translation

  • Second Step: mRNA attaches to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • Location: Takes place in the cytoplasm.
  • Role of tRNA: Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons using anticodons.
  • Key Codons: AUG serves as the start codon, while UAA, UAG, and UGA act as stop codons.

Genetic Code and Amino Acids

  • Amino Acid Attachment: A chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide.
  • Decoding mRNA: The amino acid sequence can be determined using a codon chart based on the mRNA codons.

Differences Between DNA and RNA

  • Structure: DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.
  • Sugar Differences: DNA contains deoxyribose sugar; RNA contains ribose sugar.
  • Nitrogen Bases: RNA has uracil instead of thymine.

Importance of DNA Replication

  • Purpose: Ensures each daughter cell receives a complete set of DNA after cell division.
  • Timing: Occurs during the S phase in the nucleus.

Gene Expression

  • Overall Process: Transcription and translation together are referred to as gene expression.

Mutations

  • Definition: Any change in the DNA sequence is known as a mutation.
  • Causes: Agents that can induce mutations are termed mutagens.
  • Effects: Most mutations are neutral, some are harmful, and a few can be advantageous, contributing to evolution.
  • Types of Mutations: Include base substitutions, deletions, and insertions.

Chromosome Mutations

  • Differences from Gene Mutations: Gene mutations affect individual genes, while chromosome mutations can involve larger segments of DNA.
  • Types of Chromosome Mutations: Various forms exist but require detailed explanations.

Additional Facts

  • Function of mRNA: Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein-making.
  • Role of rRNA: Forms part of the ribosome's structure.
  • Translation: Converts mRNA into functional proteins.
  • Importance of tRNA: Critical for ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids in proteins.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the key concepts of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. It covers critical steps and locations within the cell where these processes occur. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of molecular biology.

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