102 Questions
What is the basic material of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
Which components make up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell
What contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
Presence of unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids
Which organelle aids in cell division and forms the base of cilia and flagella?
Centrioles
What is the main function of flagella in cells?
Propelling the cell through medium
What is the primary mechanism by which cell membranes allow substances to pass through?
Selective permeability
What is the main difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
The involvement of transport proteins
What influences the movement of water in osmosis?
Tonicity
How does filtration occur across a membrane?
Due to a hydrostatic pressure gradient
What provides the energy for primary active transport?
ATP
What is the main difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?
Direction of particle movement
Which type of endocytosis involves the intake of fluid droplets containing solutes?
Pinocytosis
What are the three types of organelles that make up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
What is the main function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?
Providing structural support and serving as tracks for organelle movement
Which organelle is responsible for creating fluid motion over the cell surface?
Cilia
What is the function of spliceosomes?
Remove introns and join exons to form mature mRNA
How many letters do nucleic acids use to code for 20 common amino acids?
4
What are codons?
Groups of three nucleic acids that code for amino acids
Which nucleic acid is the start codon?
AUG
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Leaves the nucleus, binds to ribosome, and carries genetic information for protein synthesis
What is the function of DNA helicase in DNA replication?
Uncoils DNA, forming a replication bubble and fork
In which direction does DNA polymerase III add nucleotides during replication?
5 to 3 direction
What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
Joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
What distinguishes the atria and ventricles in the heart?
They have distinct functions
What is the role of valves in the cardiovascular system?
Ensure directional blood flow
Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP via cellular respiration and contains its own DNA?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) known as SER?
Lipid metabolism and detoxification
Which structure is responsible for maintaining separate internal environments from the cytosol?
Membranous organelles
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Material modification, packaging, and distribution
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Maintaining electrochemical gradients
What are ribosomes composed of?
Ribosomal RNA and associated proteins
Which structure provides markers for cell recognition and aids in cell-to-cell recognition?
Glycocalyx
What is the fluid within the cytoplasm called?
Cytosol
Which organelle is involved in detoxifying substances?
Peroxisomes
Which organelle is responsible for material modification and distribution?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle is excluded from the endomembrane system?
Mitochondria
What is the main function of integral and peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?
Creating channels for passive transport
What is the process of synthesizing a complementary mRNA from DNA called?
Transcription
Which type of cell junction restricts movement between cells?
Tight junctions
What provides instructions for synthesizing polypeptide chains?
Genes
Which structure coordinates translation in protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
What is the process of producing a polypeptide chain from mRNA called?
Translation
Which type of RNA is synthesized on single strands of the DNA template?
mRNA
What provides information for protein structure?
Base sequence of exon DNA
What is the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA called?
Splicing
Which cell structure is crucial in electrically excitable cells like the heart muscle?
Gap junctions
What is the process of synthesizing a complementary mRNA from DNA called?
Transcription
Which type of cell junction provides strength and resistance to stress in tissues like the heart and bladder?
Desmosomes
What is the process of synthesizing a complementary mRNA from DNA called?
Transcription
Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP via cellular respiration and contains its own DNA?
Mitochondrion
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modification and packaging of proteins
What contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
What is the main function of integral and peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?
Cellular communication
Which organelle coordinates translation in protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
What is the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA called?
Editing
What is the main function of desmosomes in cell junctions?
Providing strength and resistance to stress
What provides instructions for synthesizing polypeptide chains?
Genes
Which type of RNA is synthesized on single strands of the DNA template?
mRNA
What is the main function of microvilli in cell structures?
Increasing surface area for absorption
What is the process of synthesizing a complementary mRNA from DNA called?
Transcription
Which type of cell junction allows for communication between cells?
Gap junctions
What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Detoxification
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell
What is the fluid within the cytoplasm called?
Cytosol
Which cell structure is crucial in electrically excitable cells like the heart muscle?
Gap junctions
What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) known as SER?
Lipid metabolism
Which organelle is responsible for material modification and distribution?
Golgi apparatus
What is the main function of integral and peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?
Cell recognition
What provides markers for cell recognition and aids in cell-to-cell recognition?
Glycocalyx
Which type of endocytosis involves the intake of fluid droplets containing solutes?
Pinocytosis
What is the fluid within the cytoplasm called?
Cytosol
What are ribosomes composed of?
Proteins and nucleic acids
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Cell recognition
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Material modification and distribution
What is the main function of mitochondria?
ATP production
What is the main function of the endomembrane system?
Material modification and distribution
What distinguishes the atria and ventricles in the heart?
Function in the cardiac cycle
Which type of diffusion involves the use of integral membrane proteins to facilitate the movement of specific solutes across the membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the primary difference between primary and secondary active transport across a cell membrane?
Primary active transport requires ATP, while secondary active transport does not.
Which type of endocytosis involves the intake of large particles or even entire cells?
Phagocytosis
What is the function of centrioles in a cell?
Aiding in cell division
What is the primary function of flagella in cells?
Propelling the cell through medium
Which process involves the movement of water down its concentration gradient?
Osmosis
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton's microtubules?
Moving solutes down the concentration gradient
What is the main function of vesicular transport in cells?
Moving large particles across the membrane
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Allowing some substances to pass through while blocking others
What influences the volume of a cell through osmosis?
Tonicity
What is the main function of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?
Providing structural support and anchoring organelles
Which type of transport mechanism moves solutes up the concentration gradient using ATP for energy?
Primary active transport
What is the function of spliceosomes in molecular biology?
Remove introns and join exons to form mature mRNA
What is the start codon in the process of translation?
AUG
What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?
Uncoil DNA and form a replication bubble
What is the function of atria in the cardiovascular system?
Receive blood from the body and pump it to the ventricles
What is the main function of valves in the cardiovascular system?
Ensure directional blood flow
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Leaves the nucleus, binds to ribosome, and brings amino acids
What is the function of DNA polymerase III in DNA replication?
Add nucleotides in a 5 to 3 direction
What is the function of the pericardium in the cardiovascular system?
Protect the heart
What is the function of nucleic acids in molecular biology?
Code for 20 common amino acids using 4 letters (ACGU)
What is the main function of the ventricles in the cardiovascular system?
Pump blood to the rest of the body
What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Brings amino acids to the ribosome
What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
Splice together the fragments of the lagging strand
Study Notes
Cell Biology and Protein Synthesis Overview
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis allows for selective uptake of specific substances by binding membrane-bound proteins, such as enzymes, LDLs, iron, and certain hormones.
- There are three types of cell junctions: tight junctions restrict movement between cells, desmosomes provide strength and resistance to stress in tissues like the heart and bladder, and gap junctions allow for communication between cells, crucial in electrically excitable cells like the heart muscle.
- Protein synthesis involves transcription, where a complementary mRNA is synthesized from DNA, editing to remove introns, and translation to produce a polypeptide chain.
- Genes are DNA segments that provide instructions for synthesizing polypeptide chains, and the base sequence of exon DNA provides information for protein structure.
- RNA molecules in protein synthesis are synthesized on single strands of the DNA template, and RNA nucleotides are joined according to base-pairing rules.
- Ribosomes coordinate translation, which involves the peptide bonding of amino acids into the polypeptide chain.
- Cell structures include the plasma membrane, lysosomes, mitochondria, microvilli, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, cilia, microtubules, peroxisomes, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and inclusions, each with specific functions.
- Protein synthesis is the decoding of DNA to produce proteins, with genes providing instructions for synthesizing polypeptide chains.
- Transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to and unwinding segments of the DNA strand, replicating one strand of DNA, and inserting complementary RNA bases to form mRNA.
- Editing involves the removal of introns from the pre-mRNA, which contains segments of "nonsense".
- Tight junctions restrict movement between cells, desmosomes provide strength and resistance to stress, and gap junctions allow for communication between cells.
- The base sequence of exon DNA provides information for protein structure, and each three-base sequence calls for a particular amino acid to be built into a polypeptide chain.
Molecular Biology and Cardiovascular System Overview
- Spliceosomes remove introns and join exons to form mature mRNA
- Translation converts nucleic acids into amino acid language of proteins
- Nucleic acids use 4 letters (ACGU) to code for 20 common amino acids
- Codons are groups of three nucleic acids that code for amino acids
- AUG is the start codon and UAA, UAG, UGA are stop codons
- mRNA leaves the nucleus, binds to ribosome, and tRNA brings amino acids
- DNA replication involves uncoiling, polymerization, and ligation
- DNA helicase uncoils DNA, forming a replication bubble and fork
- DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in a 5 to 3 direction
- Leading and lagging strands are created and spliced together by DNA ligase
- Atria and ventricles have distinct functions in the heart
- Valves ensure directional blood flow and the pericardium protects the heart
Test your knowledge of cell biology and protein synthesis with this overview quiz. Explore topics such as receptor-mediated endocytosis, cell junctions, protein synthesis processes like transcription and translation, and the functions of various cell structures. Sharpen your understanding of genes, DNA, RNA, and the intricate mechanisms involved in protein synthesis.
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