Protein Synthesis: Elongation Process
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step during the elongation of the polypeptide chain?

  • Energy expenditure
  • Translocation
  • Peptide bond formation
  • Codon recognition (correct)

Which type of protein is involved in the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

  • Elongation factors (correct)
  • Transfer RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Release factors

What causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid during translation termination?

  • Release factor (correct)
  • Ribosome
  • Transfer RNA
  • Elongation factor

Where does a stop codon need to reach for termination to occur during translation?

<p>A site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which energy-consuming step occurs during both translation initiation and elongation of the polypeptide chain?

<p>Translocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the release of the polypeptide and the disassembly of the translation assembly during termination?

<p>Release factor action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component brings together mRNA, tRNA, the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits during translation initiation?

<p>Initiation factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the small ribosomal subunit during translation initiation?

<p>Binding with mRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site of the large ribosomal subunit contains the catalytic site for forming bonds between amino acids?

<p>P site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in protein synthesis?

<p>Attaches amino acids to tRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of translation does a small ribosomal subunit bind with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA?

<p>Initiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small ribosomal subunit in translation initiation?

<p>Binding with mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a nonsense mutation?

<p>It leads to the premature termination of protein synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is Mutant 1 (AUGUCUUAUGUGGGGUAA)?

<p>Missense mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a silent mutation on the protein product?

<p>It results in no change to the amino acid sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a frameshift mutation differ from a base substitution?

<p>It changes the protein sequence by inserting or deleting nucleotides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a gain-of-function mutation on protein activity?

<p>It confers new or enhanced activity to the protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do missense mutations differ from nonsense mutations?

<p>Missense mutations result in changes to the amino acid sequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Codon Recognition

The process where the ribosome recognizes the start codon (AUG) on mRNA and initiates polypeptide chain synthesis.

Elongation factors

Proteins that facilitate the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

Release factor

A protein that binds to a stop codon in mRNA during translation, causing the release of the polypeptide chain and the disassembly of the ribosome.

A site

The site on the ribosome where a stop codon needs to arrive for translation termination to occur.

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Translocation

The process of moving the ribosome along the mRNA strand, requiring energy expenditure, during both translation initiation and elongation.

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Release factor action

The action of release factors that leads to the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide from the ribosome and the disassembly of the translation complex.

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Initiation factors

Factors that assemble mRNA, tRNA, the initial amino acid, and ribosomal subunits during the initiation phase of translation.

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Small ribosomal subunit

The smaller part of the ribosome responsible for binding to mRNA during translation initiation.

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P site

The site on the large ribosomal subunit where the peptide bond formation between amino acids occurs.

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

An enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule, ensuring accurate protein synthesis.

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Initiation

The stage of translation where the small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA and a specific initiator tRNA.

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Small ribosomal subunit function

The primary role of this ribosomal subunit during translation initiation is to bind to mRNA and ensure proper initiation of protein synthesis.

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Nonsense mutation

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, causing the protein to terminate prematurely and often resulting in a non-functional or truncated protein.

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Missense mutation

A type of mutation where one nucleotide is replaced with another, leading to a change in the protein sequence but not necessarily a loss of function.

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Silent mutation

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein, resulting in no observable change in the protein's function.

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Frameshift mutation

A type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame and altering the amino acid sequence downstream of the mutation.

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Gain-of-function mutation

A mutation that results in a protein with enhanced or novel functionality.

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Missense mutations

Mutations that change the amino acid sequence of the protein, leading to altered protein functionality.

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