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Questions and Answers
What is the main goal that scientists pursued after discovering differences in amino acid sequences?
What is the main goal that scientists pursued after discovering differences in amino acid sequences?
What is the term used to describe the transfer of characteristics from generation to generation?
What is the term used to describe the transfer of characteristics from generation to generation?
Where did scientists suspect that the transmission of hereditary information takes place?
Where did scientists suspect that the transmission of hereditary information takes place?
What is the name of the nucleic acid that carries hereditary information?
What is the name of the nucleic acid that carries hereditary information?
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What is the relationship between genes and proteins according to George Beadle and Edward Tatum?
What is the relationship between genes and proteins according to George Beadle and Edward Tatum?
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What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
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What is the result of the expression of a gene in terms of an enzyme?
What is the result of the expression of a gene in terms of an enzyme?
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What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from the study of protein synthesis and its control?
What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from the study of protein synthesis and its control?
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What is the main function of DNA?
What is the main function of DNA?
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What is the sugar unit found in RNA?
What is the sugar unit found in RNA?
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What is the process of copying DNA into mRNA?
What is the process of copying DNA into mRNA?
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What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
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What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
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What is the term for the overall name for DNA and RNA?
What is the term for the overall name for DNA and RNA?
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What is the process of protein synthesis from mRNA sequence?
What is the process of protein synthesis from mRNA sequence?
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What is the nitrogenous base found only in RNA?
What is the nitrogenous base found only in RNA?
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What is the structure of DNA?
What is the structure of DNA?
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What is the location of DNA in a cell?
What is the location of DNA in a cell?
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What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?
What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?
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What is the direction of synthesis on the leading strand during DNA replication?
What is the direction of synthesis on the leading strand during DNA replication?
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What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
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What is the product of transcription?
What is the product of transcription?
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What is removed from hnRNA during post-transcription?
What is removed from hnRNA during post-transcription?
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What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
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In what direction is the new RNA strand synthesized during transcription?
In what direction is the new RNA strand synthesized during transcription?
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What is the function of single-strand binding proteins in DNA replication?
What is the function of single-strand binding proteins in DNA replication?
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What is the result of splicing exons together during post-transcription?
What is the result of splicing exons together during post-transcription?
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What happens to the DNA strands after transcription is complete?
What happens to the DNA strands after transcription is complete?
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What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules during protein synthesis?
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules during protein synthesis?
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What is the purpose of translocation in protein synthesis?
What is the purpose of translocation in protein synthesis?
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What is the function of the large subunit of the ribosome?
What is the function of the large subunit of the ribosome?
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What is the purpose of the initiator tRNA during initiation of protein synthesis?
What is the purpose of the initiator tRNA during initiation of protein synthesis?
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What is the result of alternative splicing of a single hnRNA molecule?
What is the result of alternative splicing of a single hnRNA molecule?
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What is the function of the anticodon region on the tRNA molecule?
What is the function of the anticodon region on the tRNA molecule?
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What is the term for the complex of mRNA and several ribosomes?
What is the term for the complex of mRNA and several ribosomes?
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What is the purpose of activation of tRNA molecules?
What is the purpose of activation of tRNA molecules?
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What is the name of the site on the ribosome where the initiator tRNA binds during initiation?
What is the name of the site on the ribosome where the initiator tRNA binds during initiation?
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What is the stage of protein synthesis where the polypeptide chain is synthesized by adding amino acids sequentially?
What is the stage of protein synthesis where the polypeptide chain is synthesized by adding amino acids sequentially?
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What happens during the peptide bond formation step of elongation?
What happens during the peptide bond formation step of elongation?
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What is the effect of erythromycin on protein synthesis?
What is the effect of erythromycin on protein synthesis?
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What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline?
What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline?
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What is the effect of streptomycin on protein synthesis?
What is the effect of streptomycin on protein synthesis?
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What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?
What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?
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What is the role of the initiation tRNA in the initiation step of elongation?
What is the role of the initiation tRNA in the initiation step of elongation?
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What happens during the translocation step of elongation?
What happens during the translocation step of elongation?
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What is the result of the binding of the second tRNA to the A site of the ribosome?
What is the result of the binding of the second tRNA to the A site of the ribosome?
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Study Notes
Heredity and Nucleic Acids
- Heredity is the transfer of characteristics from one generation to the next
- Hereditary information is found in the nucleus of cells, specifically in chromosomes
- Genes, located in chromosomes, determine external and internal characteristics
- Chemical analysis of nuclei reveals that they are made up of histones and nucleic acids
- Oswald Avery discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries hereditary information
- Genes control the manufacture of proteins, and external and internal characteristics are expressed through these proteins
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is a 3D double helix structure, discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick
- DNA is made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
- The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the genetic code
- DNA replication ensures that genetic information is accurately copied before cell division
RNA Structure and Function
- RNA is a single-stranded molecule
- RNA is made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or U)
- RNA types include messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis
- tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
- rRNA makes up a large part of the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis
Central Dogma
- Replication: DNA makes a copy of itself
- Transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA
- Translation: mRNA is translated into protein
- Replication, transcription, and translation ensure that genetic information is accurately copied and expressed
DNA Replication
- Helicases unwind the double-stranded DNA
- Single-strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound DNA
- DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction
- Primase synthesizes RNA primers, which are extended by DNA polymerase
- RNA primers are replaced with DNA, and Okazaki fragments are joined to create a continuous DNA strand
Transcription
- Transcription begins at the initiation sequence on the DNA
- RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary strand of RNA from the template strand of DNA
- Transcription continues until the RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence
- The newly synthesized RNA is released, and the DNA strands rewind back into their double helix structure
Translation
- Translation is the process by which mRNA codons are deciphered and a particular protein molecule is synthesized
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
- tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome, which are then incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain
- Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a protein
Post-Transcription: Formation of mRNA
- hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) is the initial RNA transcript
- Introns are removed, and exons are joined together to form the mature mRNA
- Alternative splicing can occur, resulting in multiple protein variants from a single gene
Codons and Amino Acids
- The genetic code is read in sets of three nucleotide bases called codons
- Each codon specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal for translation
- tRNA molecules have an anticodon region that is complementary to the mRNA codon and an amino acid attachment site
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Description
This quiz explores how cells synthesize proteins and how heredity plays a role in the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next.